The Internet Invention Essay -- Essays Papers

The internet Invention The write up of every great invention is based on a weed of pre-history. In the case of the World- large Web, there are two lines to be traced the growing of hypertext, or the computer-aided reading of electronic documents, and the development of the Internet protocols which made the globular network possib le. The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world like null before. The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and computer set the stage for this unprecedented integration of capabilities. The Internet is at once a world-wide broadcasting capability, a mechanism for schooling dissemination, and a medium for collaboration and interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for geographical location. The Internet represents one of the most successful examples of the benefits of sustained investment and payload to research and development of information infrastructure. B eginning with the early research in packet switching, the government, industry and academia have been partners in evolving and deploying this exciting newborn technology. Today, terms like namescomputer.org and http//www.acm.org trip lightly off the spiel of the random person on the street. The Internet today is a widespread information infrastructure, the initial prototype of what is often called the National (or Global or Galactic) Information Infrastructure1. Its history is complex and involves many aspects technological, organizational, and community. And its influence reaches not notwithstanding to the technical fields of computer communications but throughout rescript as we move toward increasing use of online tools to accomplish electronic commer... ... of the ACM. v40n2 Feb 1997. p.102-108.6. OMalley, Michael and Roy Rosenzweig, bear New World or Blind Alley? American archives of the World Wide Web. Journal of American History 1997 84(1) 132-155.7. Regoli, Mich ael. Webstorians Historians and the World Wide Web. OAH Newsletter 1995 23(3) 1, 8-9.8. Rosenzweig, Roy. Wizards, bureaucrats, warriors, and hackers Writing the history of the Internet. The American Historical Review. v103n5 Dec 1998. p.1530-15529. Silver, David. Interfacing American Culture The perils and Potentials of Virtual Exhibitions. American Quarterly 1997 49(4) 825-850.10. Thompsen, Philip. Toward a Public driveway on the Information Superhighway A Media Performance Analysis of the Community-Wide upbringing and Information Service Initiative. DAI 1998 58(8) 2894-A. DA9806152

Introduces her four major concerns illustrated in Silas Marner †Essay

Introduces her four major concerns illustrated in Silas Marner namely village life. indoors the very first paragraph on the book, Gorge Elliot introducesher four major concerns illustrated in Silas Marner namely villagelife (of the late 18th century), bigotry and belief, alienationand historical change (in this case specifically that caused byindustrial revolution and the ending of the Napoleonic Wars). Theseconcerns atomic number 18 closely woven together in the story (and in some casesreal life) as brush off once again be seen in this curtain raising two paragraphsand lots can be looked at in relation to peerless another. liquidation life was probably Gorge Elliots primary focus when written materialthe novel and her anthropological investigations provide us with afair disseminate of insight into it throughout the novel. The village ofRaveloe is the setting for the majority of the story. The third line, piece of music not introducing us to it per se, introduces us to th e generalidea of villages resembling it. It is said to be far away among thelanes or deep in the bosom of the hills. This is an fundamentalintroduction, physically and psychologically distancing Victorianreaders from Raveloe and making it seem totally antithetical from theworld they live in. In many ways, this difference is very real.Raveloe is quench untouched by the effects of the industrial revolutionthat created the town Elliots readers are familiar with. It isElliots objective to provide a analogy between Raveloe and suchtowns represented in the novel by Lantern Yard. The opening paragraph also describes the villagers. They are describedas untraveled and are very much uneducated. Knowledge to them issomething suspicious, or so likely due to the occurrence h... ...example of this would have to be the sentence how was a man to beexplained unless you at least knew somebody who knew his father ormother? The point is that this is most certainly not true as acomplete unknown quantity new not be a dangerous or venal person. In thisway Elliot lightly pokes fun at the attitudes of the villagers.Thus, it can be seen that within the opening two paragraphs, Elliotsets up the foundations of the primary concerns in this book. While,it is kinda obviously not possible to go into anything resemblingdetail regarding any one of them, the paragraphs provide a platformupon which build up upon. The attitude and preeminence of the narrator, whilenot obviously apparent, can also be mat here. This opening basicallyserves as a generalization to which the life of Silas Marner, asdetailed in the rest of the novel, is a specific example.

Prom Nights from Hell Chapter Twelve

Miranda, dressed in the blue uniform, pushed aside the man shed good hit over the head with the clock to reach Sibby. She still had shackle bracelets around her wrists, each dangling a piece of chain. Her wrists, her hands, were shaking.She lifted the unconscious girl gently. Sibby, come on, open your eyes.It wasnt supposed to have taken so long. The plan had been simple She and Sibby would switch identities by switching outfits. When Deputy Reynolds double-crossed them, manage Miranda knew he would, it would be Miranda disguised as Sibby hed hand over to his crew, and shed argue with them, then come back and rescue Sibby.At least, thats how it should have gone.Okay, Sib, era to wake up, Miranda said, simple machinerying the girl now, cradling her pressed against her chest as she moved as quickly as possible. She could hear Sibbys heartbeat, but it was faint, and slow. Getting fainter. This is non happening. stand and shine, Sibby, she said, her voice cracking. Up and at em.Mi randa hadnt expected to find all five-spot of Deputy Reynoldss goons waiting for her-shouldnt someone have been in the bushela musical mode car? and especially hadnt anticipated the woman hed picked up from the airport having rhinestone-studded brass knuckles. The suckle to the head had given them magazine to cuff Miranda to a pipe and do her a little weak, so it had taken her longer than it should have to belt ammunition them off with a series of roundhouse kicks and one side scissor, then agree the chain on the cuffs and free herself. Giving Deputy Reynolds more than time with Sibbys esophagus than shed planned.A round more.The heartbeat was getting softer, harder to hear.Im so sorry, Sibby. I should have gotten here sooner. I tried my best, but I couldnt get the handcuffs off and I was too weak and I failed and- Miranda was having stir seeing and realized she was crying. She stumbled but kept running. Sibby, youve got to be okay. You cant go. If you dont come back, I swear Ill never have fun again. Not once. The heartbeat was meet a whisper now, the girl in her arms a crazy ghost. Miranda choked back a sob. God, Sibby, please-Sibbys eyes flickered. Color surged into her cheeks and her heart picked up. Did it utilization? she whispered.Miranda swallowed the huge lump in her throat and resisted the urge to crush her. It worked.Did you-Clocked him with the clock, as requested.Sibby smiled, reached her hand up to Mirandas cheek, then closed her eyes again. They didnt reopen until they were in the car with the historical society behind them. She sat up and looked around. Im in the front seat.Special occasion, Miranda explained. Dont get used to it.Right. Sibby worked her neck back and forth. That was a good plan. Trading outfits so theyd think you were me and not worry so much about restraints.They still went all out. Miranda pushed the cape back. I skint the chain, but I cant get the bracelets off. Thinking for some reason of Kenzi at the prom sa ying, Are you ready to unshackle yourself from the insecurities of your youth? Are you ready to throw your future?What happened to Plant Boy? I called in an anonymous expiration telling them where to find him and the bodies of the guards he shot. He should be on his way to jail.How did you neck you were right? That he was trying to trick us?I can tell when people are lying.How?Different things. Little gestures. for the most part by listening to their heartbeats.Like if they speed up, theyre lying?Everyone is different. You need to know how they react when theyre telling the truth to know how they react when theyre lying. His heartbeat gets slower, more even when he lies, like hes trying to be extra careful.Sibby looked at her more closely. You can hear peoples heartbeats?I hear a lot of things.Sibby took that in. When Plant Boy was strangling me because he thought I was you? He called me Princess. And said some people thought you had superpowers like a teenager Wonder cleaning woman or something.Miranda felt her chest get tight. He did?And he said there was a bounty on your head. vivacious or dead. Although Im sorry to say that Im worth ten times as much as you are.Its not nice to brag.Is it true? That youre Wonder fair sex?Maybe the lack of oxygen went to your head but Wonder Woman is a comic-book character. Made up. Im a real, normal person.Sibby snorted. You are definitely not normal. Youre totally neurotic. A pause. That wasnt an answer. Are you actually a princess with superpowers?Are you really a sacred prophet who knows everything that is going to happen?Their eyes met. uncomplete of them said anything.Sibby stretched, sprawling out over the front seat, and Miranda turned up the radio and they drove on in silence, both of them smiling.After a few miles Sibby said, Im starving. Could we stop for a burger?Yeah, but were on a schedule, so no kissing strange guys.I knew you were going to say that.

Google vs Microsoft

In todays society m whatsoever masses atomic number 18 victimisation the network much and more to shop online, handle trading legal proceeding and shop the web for what interests them. Microsoft and Google are known to many people as internet giants. The two companies compete for traffic in the internet worldly concern by chaping similar online tune serve. Microsoft similarly offers an array of estimator products to consumers and businesses such as Windows 7, Microsoft office and MSN. Googles main focus of business is its depend engine that many people use today to surf the internet.This paper will compare and contrast Microsofts and Googles business model, fiscal management system and explain which come with could better defy a study recession and at the corresponding duration, compare their pecuniary proportionalitys and decide which two companies that would be better to invest in. Microsoft was started in 1975 by beak Gates and Paul Allen who au whenceti c an interpreter for basics schedule language systems that has contributed to Microsofts being so successful.Microsoft is one of the too largest applied science companies in the world which specializes in developing and licensing computer software products such as Windows 7, Microsoft office, MSN and Bing. Microsofts management squad is led by chief executive director officer Steve Ballmer who also serves on the executive identity card, chairman Bill Gates, septet directors, and one chief financial officer which are all non-executive mount members. The accompany has been known for its leadership style through its fonether Bill Gates for donating money to many charities and friending the poor.Microsoft is also said to be an innovator for the new-age workplace where work is made to be comfortable, fun and enliven so that all employees can enjoy doing their work and like to lead their time there as advantageously. Bill Gates did not fifty-fifty finish college but his work ethics are being taught in schools through the world. Microsoft has an excellent track record for construct because it keep advance up with new engineering science and devices every year (Datamonitor, a, 2011). On the former(a)wise hand, Microsoft is in competition with Google and other internet companies everyplace the use of internet depend engines.Google was founded in 1998 by two Stanford University graduate students, Sergey Brin and Larry Page. Google is an international technology firm that is concentrated on improving the way people start up their information from the internet. Google has three core businesses search, advertisements, and applications. The search engine powered by Google bequeaths information for millions of users every day. It must be adjustd that information inform to the Google search engine is beneficial to the user a set of criteria has been developed to serve this purpose.A common method of determining the usefulness of the foliate for the u ser is searching the document for keywords. Keywords must be entered to search on Google, and the documents are scanned to determine how often they appear. The more keywords a document has tends to luff its usefulness to the user. Another evaluating principle for reporting useful rogues is the ranking for the page and quality of the site. Websites receive rankings which reflect quality, relevance, and accuracy. Websites who fill lavishly rankings and numerous keywords are reported to the user first.This method of obtaining information allows the user to access live information in a matter of seconds. Search advertisements are employ to further assist users, and to offer Googles main products and services and provide valuable and relevant information for people who use the search engines for answers they overheark. Google search engine is like Microsofts Bing search engine. Google also sells their product and services in more than 100 languages throughout the world. Googles ma nagement team is led by a chairman Eric Schmidt, a chief executive Larry Page, a director of special barfs Sergey Brin which are all executive board members.They also view as six directors that are non-executive board members. The company is a leader in that they provide people with valuable information. At the same time, however, Google is a slow innovator in its search engine technology. For example, its search engine has not shown major innovation despite the quality of Googles searching technology that is absolutely dominating. However, as search engine technology advanced in the past decade the technological gap surrounded by Google and Microsoft has decreased more and more as we see with Bing (Datamonitor, b, 2011).On the other hand, by using the financial ratio I believe that Microsoft would arrive at more and be able to survive a major sparing recession. Microsoft has five divisions within their organization such as Windows & Windows 7, Microsoft business, online ser vices, horde and shaft of lights, entertainment and devices. According to Datamonitor, a , The companys product under this division include Microsoft Office, Microsoft SharePoint Microsoft Exchange Server and Microsoft Dynamics ERP and CRM as well as Microsoft Office Web Apps, which are the online companions to Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint and OneNote (2011, p. ). This shows that Microsoft has many divisions and products that they can offer to consumers, businesses and investors. This also shows that Microsoft would be better suited to withstand a major recession due to the many products they have to offer unlike Google which only when has search engines and advertising to depend on. Therefore as seen in the financial ratio Google has not made any money nor did it lose any money. Microsoft on the other hand, has made money due to the many products it has to offer. Subsequently, the net incomefulness ratio can tell us a bunch well Microsoft and Google performance.The pro fitability ratio can tell us what each companys revenue and losses were for the year. It can also tell us about both companies operating budget, debts, stocks, and coronation fundss. According to Microsofts annual report, Windows segment revenue reflected relative performance in PC grocery segments. We estimated that gross sales of PCs to businesses grew approximately 11% this year and sales of PCs to consumers declined approximately 1% (2011, p. 50). This demonstrates that by using the profitability ratio Microsoft was able to calculate their gains and losses for the year in the sale of PCs.This also shows that by using the profitability ratio Microsoft was able to project their sales of PCs to other businesses. Therefore if whateverone wanted to invest company like Microsoft they should use the profitability ratio to determine a companys return on assets and equity to see if it is a good enthronization. As we can see PCs sales to businesses grew 11% while consumers PCs sal es corrupted by 1% so an investor should put their money in business PCs. After seeing the profitability ratio of both companies Microsoft would be the company to invest in because they payout more money and make more money per share and to each stockholder.One can agree that Microsoft has do well over the years by them recognizing and using the knowledge ground and technological base has been an asset for the company. Microsoft is one of the outperform companies when it comes to software and programming. Microsoft over the years has readd that their competitors can have an impact on market changes and with this knowledge it has allowed Microsoft to make the required decisions in the market place. The issues and concerns that Microsoft and other organizations grimace are technology changes and competition. Technology today has surpassed the technology of yesterday.Yet, Microsoft has shown that they can outfit these challenges in various areas by meeting these issues and conce rns head on. Microsoft oftentimes has restructured some of their well-known operating systems, programs and software to keep up with the changing times. Recently, they have launched Bing and Windows 7. According to Microsoft annual report Online Services Division (OSD) develops and markets information and satiate designed to help people simplify tasks and make more communicate decisions online, and that help advertisers connect with audiences.OSD offerings include Bing, MSN ad Center, and advertiser tools. Bing and MSN generate revenue through the sale of search and display advertising generally accounts for nearly all of OSDs annual revenue. (2011, p. 54) This demonstrates that Microsoft would be a great company to invest in because they offer many different products that makes a lot of money. This also demonstrates that Microsoft has seen an increase in revenue due to the fact that they invested in Bing and MSN.Therefore one should also consider the return on watercourse ratio and the dividend payout ratio before making a decision on investing in the company. On the other hand one should also look at the investment valuation before making an investment decision. Investors need to be aware that before they invest in a company such as Microsoft that the likelihood of the problems when it comes to investing occur with large corporations where there is a higher degree of the separation of ownership and management, and consequently perhaps an occurrence of a conflict of the goals of the managers and the goals of the shareholders.Aside from doing research on the company itself, doing an evaluation of stock can also prove to be useful. Knowing if stock is overpriced can tip you off, in that you then need to come upon out why it is overpriced. For example, is the stock overpriced because investors rightfully believe that the stock is good and has potential, or is the stock price high because of current economic conditions. Knowing the answer to such questions will help individuals as investors make better and more informed decisions. According to Googles annual report Strategic, financial and execution isks and exposures associated with our business strategy, product innovation and sales road map policy matters, significant litigation and regulatory exposures, and other current matters that may present material risk to our financial performance, operations, infrastructure, plans, prospects or reputation, acquisition and divestitures. (2011, p. 16) This explains that investing in large corporations can be risky and, this also explains that you should look, at a companys investment valuation before investing.The reason why this is so important is because people can lose their money and if they did their homework by using the investment valuation they would see where their money is going and if they are making a wise decision when they invest into a company. In conclusion, Google and Microsofts are the worlds most powerful technology organi zations that have proven it is possible to excel in the corporate world. The software and programming that Microsofts sells is the same product that has proven to be a useful tool for the company.Allocating costs and investing in new technology and recognizing competition including recognizing revenues gain and loss has also proven to be an asset for Microsoft. Google and Microsoft recognize and realize the potential of technology in the ever changing world of business. Google and Microsoft have met the challenges and changes of todays society. As for Microsoft achieving its goals, the belief is that it has surpassed those goals and is constantly revising technology and products to meet them and new ones in a timely manner.Therefore, making it a company that investors want to invest in. Microsoft, financial aspects has allowed me to decide that it is one of the best companies, to invest in today. While Google on the other hand, must find better innovative techniques so it can gain m ore great(p) so that investors want to invest in the company. At the same time Google must keep up with other competitors such as Microsoft so that the company does not be left behind in the proximo from other competitors stealing their clients.ReferencesDatamonitor (2011 a). Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved from Business Source Complete. Datamonitor (2011 b). Google Inc. Retrieved from Business Source Complete. Google one-year Report (2011). Retrieved from http//www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1htm Microsoft Annual Report (2011). Retrieved from www.microsoft.com/investor Appendix

United Cereals

In general, every firm is confronted with some basal issues such as. in which groceryplaces to operate what increases to offer and how to distri exactlye these convergences The standard behavior unite Cereal used to enter the European foodstuff consisted of trinity main quantitys, namely acquisitions of companies in deferent European countries (1), introduction of products from the fall in Cereal US product line (2) and promoting organic growth by means of the adoption of these products to local anesthetic market conditions by a respective democracy manager In charge (3).The advantages of establishing national subsidiaries by acquiring primed(p) primarily In an effective and fast way of gaining market role in a finicky market. Thus, in 2009 the market share of US in Europe amounted to 20%, only 6% below the market share of its main competitor Kellogg. Considerable benefits could similarly be achieved collectible to local expertise and reputation of the establishe d companies in respective countries in terms of marketing focus, local tastes, targets, competitors, brand loyalty as well as legal framework.Other advantages were realized from already existing distribution networks, providing advance to local logistics companies as well as cooperation with local retailers and wholesalers. However, there also were certain risks concerning the suitability of the distribution partner to the Introduced products as the exploitation of particular sales channels varied considerably across countries (e. G. Germany with 80% vs.. Italy with 17% as mentioned above).Further rolls/dilettantes of this strategy (although non stated in the text explicitly) efficacy be associated with the integration and implementation monetary values, caused by adoption of the foreign calling to the united Cereals business and its values concerning the US Way. The next step of he United Cereals standard way was the introduction of products from the existing product line, whi ch comprised more than 100 brands. Thus, the company profited from the possibility to launch its successful US brands also in the European market.This strategy was enforced especially by senior high demand for US products which were very much in way at that time, especially in ass and ass. Furthermore, as there was no need In developing a completely young product line this fast and cheap access Into local competition enabled united Cereals to achieve a solid organic growth. However, due to differences across European markets there still were costs, associated with customization of products and adjustment of manufacturing processes when US brands did not correspond to the local market tastes.Introduction of US line in each decisions and determining, which products from United Cereals could espouse and make profit in that country. With a broad understanding of the market the country manager was able to adjust products perfectly to local market conditions, while respecting the US Way. Such country level approach match with high susceptibility and flexibility led to a very high motivation of country managers as well as profit minimization in most national markets. However, over time inconsistency in positioning the products, e. . Positioning a product as high-end in Germany, but as a low-end in I-J, became a matter of concern. Redundancies due to person marketing campaigns in separate countries for different products led to expenses 25% higher(prenominal) than in the U. S. Operations. Especially, in the light of a global recession in 2008-09 and more competitive markets, forcing market participants to provide lower- ricer products cost reductions and cost efficiency, became a major focus of United Cereals.Further risks were associated with country managers, preferring product extensions rather than new product introductions in order to reduce costs and maintain winnings in their country. Reasons for this behavior were above all lack of resources and too h igh costs of launching and developing new products. Thus, the US standard way is not sustainable anymore and new market strategy combined with cost effective and more efficient processes should be considered.

Polygamy Its Negative Implications and Consequences Essay

Polygamy Its Negative Implications and ConsequencesIntroduction             The affinity for valet creations to live in pairs is entirely natural. A blissful join is characterized by hump, respect, and trust. Warmth becomes the motivational drive towards the perfection of take over in the resign world and thereafter (McMahon, 2010). On the contrary, an unhappy matrimony leads to despair and disillusion and invalidatingly affects the people striked. Defined as the practice or educate of marrying overmuch than genius married woman at the same time, polygamy has persisted in m whatsoever a(prenominal) cultures world everyplace. In virtually societies such(prenominal) as Islam, the practice is genuinely much prevalent (Ward, 2010).The sacred books and scriptures contain abundant evidence of the incident that polygamy was indeed practiced by patriarchal prophets Hindus and Jews. In Arabia and the countries adjoining, polygamy, temporary mar riages, unexclusive concubinage, and marriages of convenience were passing rife (Jencks and Milton, 2010). Their effects were reported to be fatal on the entire well-disposed and moral structure. Polygamy keep ons a third e re human beings, well-buried hidden that is often clock problematic and still exists throughout many countries to date. It is a to a greater extent(prenominal) common practice than al to the highest degree people actually realize (Jacobson and Burton, 2011). thesis State take inforcet Polygamy has been tried many times in free participatory countries, and it never succeeds. It is non compatible with freedom, equality, and human rights. It al modes results in tiddler brides and brainwashing.Types of polygamy             Polygamy as earlier defined is a make of marriage where a person has to a greater extent than than one married woman. It generally occurs in dickens types. The well-nigh common is polygyny, where a man marries more than than one married woman. The little common type, polyandry, is a system of marriage where a woman marries more than one man (Darger, 2011). In the Islamic culture, the practice of polygyny is highly condoned while polyandry is highly condemned. In old-fashioned times, polygamy existed in the Judaism culture. In the Old Testa workforcet of the Bible, Abraham had triplet wives and Solomon had more than trio hundred wives. This practice continued until Rabbi Gershom ben Yehudah issued a revision against it. The Jewish Sephardic communities hold in Muslim countries continued the practice until young 1950s when a ban was extended against marrying more than one wife (Bennion, 2012). In any of these forms, polygamy should be against the rightfulness in any morality culture or country.A third type of polygamy exists as polyamory and is often referred to as postmodern polygamy. Polyamory is a relationship of multiple hands and wo manpower. These relation ships may take the form of one man with several(prenominal) fe anthropoid partners, two men with several female partners or several women with no men. contrary polygamy, polyamory plys more equal opportunities for divorce (Crooks and Baur, 2014). Virtually all bigamous marriages be polygynous in circumstance. There is no evidence that points to polyamorous relationships being seeming to lead to polygyny. As such, polyamory carcass problematic for much the same formers that the veritable practice of polygamy (Gallichan, 2012). Due to these views, polyamory is non a force outly preferable alternate(a) to polygamy.Practice of polygamyIn his paper, polygamy and non-hetero versed activityual marriages, David Chambers emphasizes that in the countrys history, the most far-flung and signifi atomic number 50t practice of polygamy by far transpired among the Mormons during mid golf clubteenth century. To them, Mormons believed that heteroicous marriages were biblical and appro ved by God. Polygamy is neither exclusively western nor non-western. all over the ages, Muslims, Hindus and other religious groups save practiced it. However, the figure of polygynous marriages is comparatively miniature despite cross- cultural presence of polygamy. (Beaman and Calder, 2013). The standard debate over the permissibility of polygamy has been characteristically pitiable. Proponents argue that in part, married men form relationships with mistresses.These unions involve emotional commitments that argon not readably terminated unlike polygamy. In essence, a married man and his mistress argon involved in a bigamous relationship. Funny enough, this does not appear to generate much hostility from critics. The New Testament in the Bible never deemed it basal or inferior to be in a monogamous union. Shockingly, more Americans be practicing polygamy than one might think. Even more horrendous is the circumstance that more than half of the non- industrialized societi es still permit it (Bennion, 2012). It is regarded as deep sinful to shackle in sexual relationships outside the institution of marriage. In Christianity, it is believed a man should not shake off more than one registered wife with the state. much(prenominal) an action would violate tax codes and many other effective umbrellas (Ward, 2010).The legal laws in the United States document registered plural marriages and polygamy as contraband and therefore not be practiced (McMahon, 2010). In my opinion, polygamy is disgusting and should not be practiced neither in countries nor in cultures alike. One could easily argue what exactly does polygamy try to prove. That a man can discombobulate multiple wives, become unfaithful and formulate away with it? approximate the close anguish that a young nave misfire of twelve years endures when coerced into marrying a feebly, wobbly looking old man whom she has never seen before. Imagine the grotesque images that come into mind when thi s girl is force to bear churlren until her consistency become sore due to excruciating labour pains. Imagine the girl being brainwashed and battered for contradicting beliefs held by another man and forced to live with him for her entire lifetime. Now stop imagining. This is the scary would of polygamy that exists in a form not kn receive to many. Such are the cases that continue to replicate in most countries, especially Africa and Asia. In itself, polygamy is considered a right to a selected few and a bane to majority (McMahon, 2010).Reasons wherefore polygamy is practiced              in front we look at the disconfirming implications of polygamy, it would be important to understand why the system was and is still practiced to date. To many, this custom serves as a ever-changing principle of family survival, proceeds, security, prestige and continuity (Jacobson and Burton, 2011). One of the master(prenominal) reasons polygamy was practiced is that several wives were seen as a symbol of wealth, great place and influence in handed-down African societies for many centuries. Secondly, it was important for a man in traditionalistic society to continue his family name into future lineages (McMahon, 2010). Marrying many wives ensured that the husband would study many male children to carry on his name. It alike meant that one would be remembered and honored long after their death through his children and grandchildren (Jacobson and Burton, 2011).In the pastoral perspective, many wives meant that one would have necessary laborers for farming, taking care of strain and performing all household chores. This was coupled with provision of help when urgency arose. A larger family was symbolic of strength and unity. It was likewise seen as a way to maintain happiness and add meaning to life. Having many wives was as well as a route of keeping the man from being amorous. The reason was that most wives denied their husban ds conjugal rights after childbirth for up to two years. Hence, having an additional wife meant the husband would not be unfaithful (Jencks and Milton, 2010). For the husband, having many wives meant he would get many daughters from them. This contri buted to a significant increase of his wealth through bride value at the time of his daughters marriage. In most traditional African societies, it was considered a vice for a woman to pretermit children especially in marriage (Jencks and Milton, 2010).It was for this reason that most African women preferred to have a co-wife than remain single in ridicule. As such, polygamy solved the problem of single parenthood. It also offered women the security and dignity required for self-realization. Finally yet importantly, polygamy resulted through the ancient tradition of wife inheritance. The death of a husband whose wife had not passed childbirth age qualified for wife inheritance. The brother of the deceased was get to marry his brother s widow (Beaman and Calder, 2013). All the above reasons utilise in traditional African societies. However, in the contemporary world today, most of these practices have been overtaken by time and can no longer be practicable.Negative implications of polygamy              do on women in heteroicous marriages.In my view, polygamy is a way of life that should not be allowed in society due to its negative implications. Primarily, it creates male dominated marriages where the woman is left voiceless in the hearty setup. Secondly, it forces women into subordinate roles and results in unworkable families full of strife, abuse and incest (Ward, 2010). Polygamous families commonly live in isolated communities that are totally unaffected by the outside world. The seclusion of these towns raises eyebrows concerning security, safety and health of the town dwellers, state law enforcers, federal laws and the country at large (Beaman and Calder, 2013).  It can therefore be argued women face greater risks in polygamous marriages. The standard cable remains that polygamy subordinates women and fails to treat the latter as equals with men. rough scholars argue that the state should not take interest in voluntary family arrangements (McMahon, 2010).The reason behind it being that it would illegitimately endorse one comprehensive doctrine over others. To them, an unjust family arrangement is one that undermines the equality of women and fails to recognize that wives are equal citizens with their husbands. As such, polygamy is a structural inegalitarian practice that field of forces women to high risks of harmful effects compared to men (McMahon, 2010). It is for this reason that polygamy should be forbidden since it denies women the liberty, rights and opportunities gettable to men. In essence, polygamy represents an indefensible imbalance of power between men and women and in my opinion should therefore be banned.Overpopulation in affected countriesIn sub-Saharan Africa, the culture of polygamy has contributed to explosive population growth since the early 1950s (McMahon, 2010). By exposing almost all women to early and protract dangers of pregnancy, polygamy results in high fertility rates of between seven and nine children in these countries. The introduction of low-priced and effective healthcare and sanitary applied science from developed countries is also a contributing factor (McMahon, 2010).The control of sexually transmitted infections becomes overly difficult in the practice of polygamy (Beaman and Calder, 2013).  Take for knead a man who has five wives under his wing. He will engage in sexual relations with all of them and since he is married to all, use protection becomes inconsequential. If either the man or one of the wives is suffering from a sexually transmitted disease, every other participant in the flexure is at risk of contracting it. In a study conducted in Nigeria, West Afric a, it was found that those men in the survey had more than three or more wives (Beaman and Calder, 2013). This meant that they were more likely to engage in extra-marital sex and were at higher risk of contacting sexually transmitted diseases and infecting their wives. This proves women were at higher risk from men with three or more wives both(prenominal)(prenominal) as their wives and as extramarital sex partners.As a form of behavior, Christian missionaries and Eurasian societies consider polygamy morally wrong. Well-read Christian-African elites in sub Saharan Africa believe polygamy is backward, bush and barbaric behavior (Jencks and Milton, 2010).  To outsiders, polygamy is a highly undetestable social system whose origin is traced back to pre-colonial times. In addition, polygamy often coincides with crimes that target women and children such as incest, sexual assault, statutory rape and failure to pay child support (Jencks and Milton, 2010).Marital dissatisfaction              Another argument against polygamy is that more often than not, it is likely to present harmful effects especially towards the women and children. Women in polygamous marriages are at higher risk of having low esteem issues, depression and eonian worry compared to women in monogamous relationships. Studies have also revealed these women enjoy less marital satisfaction and more problematic mother-child relationships (Bennion, 2012). Additionally, women in polygamous marriages are prone to depression when they become pregnant since their husbands divert their sexual precaution to the other wives. These women are typically subservient to their husbands who only value them for the childbearing role. Consequently, polygamous women are left devoid of any powers to exercise any control of the marriage. This buds into feelings of powerlessness and emotional turmoil (Bennion, 2012).Several studies also prove that only a small fraction of women in po lygamous marriages work outside the home (Ward, 2010). Most of them lack the mandate or office to seek employment. Research on polygamy amongst the Arabs revealed that first wives are inferior to junior and subsequent wives. They experienced more economic hardships and less satisfactory relationships with their husbands. Some scholars also noted that polygamous marriages sweatd harmful mental effects on a number of first wives (Ward, 2010). This caused most of them to seek mental health treatment and psychiatric outpatient services. Several of these psychological disorders seen widely among first wives include anxiety, depression and somaticized symptoms (Ward, 2010). It has also been shown that first wives and teachers described relationships with husbands and sticks as neglectful. This showed a lack of interest and minimal interaction with them and their children. This caused them to suffer adverse effects from the polygamous union. On the contrary, junior wives were high ly favored by their husbands. They were allowed to obtain more economic resources and support.Effects on children from polygamous familiesResearch indicates that children from polygamous families are at heightened risks of developing harmful effects. There is considerable evidence that points to these children experiencing higher incidence of marital conflicts, family violence and disruptions than do children of monogamous families (Jacobson and Burton, 2011). Moreover, children from polygamous backgrounds are more likely to develop behavioural and socializing problems. The same problems are also reflected in their performance in school. Most teachers unanimously agreed that problems approach by polygamous children are somewhat similar (Jacobson and Burton, 2011).These include disobedience, hyperactivity, repeat lying to a teacher or person in authority, sib fights, enuresis and stuttering. Their levels of academic achievement were also below average.Polygamous children displayed inability to concentrate in class, had low attendance, incompletion of homework, maladjustment to classroom procedures, peer and teacher comparative problems (Jacobson and Burton, 2011). On the other hand, situational problems are likely to arise such as higher number of siblings, higher number of parental figures, absence of the obtain figure, competition and jealousy of family members over resources and emotional relationships with the father (Bennion, 2012). In addition, living areas were often crowded and economic resources taxed to the limit due to the high number of dependants. These children do not grow up to experience the parental love that is overflowing in monogamous systems (Bennion, 2012). Such children will be tempted to fixing to other avenues to compensate the missing love. It is then that they find themselves trapped in the world of crime, adultery and other social vices. Children from polygamous marriages are more susceptible to drug abuse (Bennion, 2012).Adol escent males in these unions were found to clean much worse than those from monogamous marriages. This was attributed to exposure to a chaotic life where the child is responsible for protecting his mother and sisters from dysfunctional stressors of living in a polygamous household (Ward, 2010). Children often become defensive of their own families and display resentment and anger towards the other sub-family. In times of discord, most of the senor wifes children side with their mother over the biological father. The reason for this is obvious loyalty to their mothers, half-sibling rivalry and jealousy in equal measure. However, the father and his tribe have expectations that they would side with. This has caused man of the children significant confusions with their boundaries and loyalties alike (Ward, 2010).Effects on polygamous men             Men in polygamous marriages have been linked to several negative effects. To start with, men are more likely to suffer from alcoholism, which can arise due to psychological problems (Jencks and Milton, 2010).  Secondly, men in polygamous marriages in most times fall nearsighted in terms of education achievements compared to their monogamous counterparts. This suitcase of evidence is self-colored enough to believe there is a prima facie case of polygamy being linked to adverse effects. Though this effects impact upon all members of a polygamous family, women are at higher risk (Jencks and Milton, 2010).One proposed argument defines polygamy as a structurally unequal practice. This inequality lies in the fact that polygamy as practiced today normally permits men to marry many wives while the vice versa is highly critiqued. The most convincing argument against polygamy is that men are permitted plural marriages while women are not (Jencks and Milton, 2010).  This asymmetry of power is blatantly unacceptable. Structural inequality raises concerns with other issues that affect women. The argument continues to state that asymmetry of power plays a authoritative role in the al-Qaeda of sexual harassment. Polygamy represents asymmetry of power between man and women, which is simultaneously linked, to male domination of women (Jencks and Milton, 2010).These reservations against polygamy are conditional upon the justification of unequal status of women. If women dowryd equal opportunities to marry more than one husband, then the asymmetry of power might be broken. Essentially, if there were a sex-equal polygamy that respected the consent of men and women equally, such polygamy would be justified (Beaman and Calder, 2013).While there may be structural asymmetries in the system of polygamy, the unequal status of women would be in universe together with other contributory facts. Polygamous marriages need not stand for unequal status quo for women. It remains objectionable therefore for polygamy to be mute only for men, consent notwithstanding (Beaman and Calder, 2013). In the contemporary liberal society, cultured marriages that fail to assign equal importance to consent of all spouses are not tolerated. They are also rejected if they do not offer the exit option of divorce to either spouse (Beaman and Calder, 2013).Polygamy is thus unjustified because spouses lack equal options to divorce. In critical view of all these parameters, polygamy is not justified regardless of whatever ground. This asymmetry of power exists whether the polygamous marriage is polygynous or polyandrous (Beaman and Calder, 2013).Polygamy also discriminates against non-heterosexuals. All forms of it presuppose that polygamous marriages are heterosexual marriages. If we were to defend polygamy, then we would have to make available opportunities that would include heterosexuals and exclude non-heterosexuals. Human beings moldiness be able to exercise several capabilities including the capability of affiliation (Jencks and Milton, 2010). However, this capability forbid s discrimination on understructure of sexual orientation. Hence, polygamy violates the capability of affiliation as it discriminates based on sexual orientation in excluding non-heterosexuals.This paper has highlighted many issues about polygamy, its origin, pros, and cons. The main determination of the essay was to examine the negative effects of polygamous marriages in society. express mail defences of polygamy have been highlighted throughout this report. Most of the defences do not hold piss in the current day and age. In the first place, polygamy is a structurally inegalitarian practice in fact. This article has provided prima facie evidence those polygamous marriages subject women to a greater risk of harmful effects. Furthermore, I have argued that polygamous marriages are most often polygynous marriages. Therefore, women lack the equal luck of men to form polygamous marriages with multiple partners of the opposite sex in practice. The second ground is that polygamy is a structurally inegalitarian practice in theory.I have argued that polygamy not only threatens the equality of men and women in fact, but also the equality of polygamous marriage partners as the latter have asymmetrical opportunities to divorce. Additionally, the findings nonetheless associate polygamous family structures with somatic complaints among senior wives, family dysfunction between the sub-families and inwardly the senior wife headed sub-family. Economic deprivation within the senior wife headed sub-family is also rife coupled with behavioral and pedant problems among senior wives children. Moreover, the childrens behavioral problems are noted and correlate polygamy with behavioral problems, sibling rivalries and drug abuse.However, every right needs to be guaranteed by law. It is therefore necessary that the right to polygamy be reviewed and revised accordingly. Harsh and more stringent laws should be enforced on those found practicing polygamy since it is conside red illegal in most states. Justice is only possible when people have addition to the judicial system, thus it is necessary that family courts be established at the tike and district level to address issues such as polygamy. Religious scholars and clerics, consider the huge responsibility that they have towards increasing the Islamic knowledge of public and informing them on their Islamic obligations. They should consider it their duty to explain the school of thought and rational of polygamy to the community and should prevent men from polygamy. Women are the principle victims of polygamy.They must learn more about their religious and human rights mainly when it comes to family rights and issues cogitate to polygamy. It is only at such a time that this knowledge and cognizance and practicing their rights will close the way for unjustifiable marriages of their husbands. Building the capacities and economical empowering of women is considered the main method of fighting this vic e. Economical authority will help women to protest against the new marriages of their husbands. Thus, it is required to search areas for capacity attaining and economical empowerment of women through their own efforts and with the collaboration of government and other responsible organs and to implement specific programs in this regard. Children are amongst the most vulnerable in polygamous systems.The psychological effects of discrimination and injustice between children of wives cause problems in the process of their normal growth. Specific research has been done on the psychological effects of polygamy on children and illustrated the dimensions of the forthcoming effects. Awareness might be raised via the local media, religious leaders, and the formal and informal education systems. Such awareness may lead to public discussions about the benefits and the economic and psychological burdens of polygamy. Thereby, this will enhance the ability and the freedom of individuals in the community to adopt their own ways of family life. Programs should be developed to assist women and children in polygamous families to cope with the difficulties in their lives. For those already in polygamous marriages, a support group for wives could be offered in the community. In such groups, women can share their feelings and find ways to overcome pain and conflicts.Children in polygamous families can be supported through the school system and via after-school programs. In addition, social practitioners and family therapists should develop methods of intervention with polygamous families, possibly adapting concepts and techniques taken from both family therapy and group work. All members in the family could learn how to negotiate for attention and resources, how to compromise, and how to build a successful small. Beyond counseling, for the well-being of the family as a whole, it is crucial that concrete assistance be provided where it is needed in the form of pecuniary benefi ts, school materials for the children, food aid, and health care. Both men and women in polygamous families should be helped to acquire marketable skills and to enter the job market, which would give them both a modicum of financial independence and some sense of empowerment.Conclusion             In conclusion, the effects of polygamy in family, society to the country have been shown to be diverse. It is clear for many particularly men that there are positive aspects of confidential information a polygamous life. For the remaining many, polygamy remains a stubborn lesion that results in sadness, depression, confusion, resentment, loss of identity and love. It is therefore not surprising to realize that women and children negate this type of family life and wish to form monogamous families in the future. Moreover, members of the family do not succeed in overcoming their anger, jealousy, and antipathy. It has also been highlighted how intergenerational s uffering in the form of disengagement, fighting, emotional turmoil, and interrelational conflicts are prevalent. It is important that community awareness of these potential negative effects of polygamy be elevated and addressed urgently.ReferencesBennion, J. (2012). Polygamy in primetime Media, gender, and politics in Mormon fundamentalism. Waltham, Massachusetts Brandeis University Press.Crooks, R., & adenylic acid Baur, K. (2014). Favourite Wife. Escape from polygamy.Darger, J. (2011). Love times three Our true story of a polygamous marriage. New York harper One.Gallichan, W. M. (2012). Women under polygamy. London Holden & Hardingham.In Beaman, L. G., & In Calder, G. (2013). Polygamys rights and wrongs Perspectives on harm, family, and law.Jacobson, C. K., & Burton, L. (2011). Modern polygamy in the United States Historical, cultural, and legal issues. Oxford Oxford University Press.Jencks, E. N., & Milton, D. (2010). The history and philos ophy of marriage, or, Polygamy and monogamy compared. S.l. Born Again Pub.McMahon, K. (2010). Polygamy and sublime cacoethes Sexuality in China on the verge of modernity. Honolulu University of Hawaii Press.Ward, P. (2010). Family law in Ireland. Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands Kluwer Law International.Source document

Metabical Case

Table Of Contents 1. 0 2. 0 3. 0 Introduction Executive Summary Situation depth psychology 3. 1 appellative Of The Problem 3. 2 Market Analysis 3. 3 SWOT Analysis 3. 4 Target Market Marketing colloquy Strategy 4. 1 Marketing Communication Plan/Objectives 4. 2 Marketing Budget 4. 3 Schedule for Key Marketing Communication Activities 4. 4 promotional materialal Strategies 4. 4. 1 Advertising Strategies 4. 4. 2 Promotion and national Relations 4. 4. 3 gross r flatue persuasiveness 4. 4. 4 Comprehensive Support Program 4. 5 carrefour Strategies 4. 6 Distri yetion Strategies 4. 7 Pricing Strategies 4. 7. 1 Potential client 4. 7. 2 Sales Forecast 4. . 3 render on enthronework forcet (ROI) Conclusion 4. 0 5. 0 1 1. 0 INTRODUCTION Cambridge wisdom Pharmaceuticals (CSP) was an International health take company with a decoct on developing, manufacturing, and merchandise merchandiseions that treat metabolic dis put ups, gastrointestinal diseases, immune deficiencies, as entire lysome as early(a) chronic and acute medical exam conditions. The company vexd ein truthwhere $25 billion in sales in 2007. Barbara Printup is the senior handler of covering of CSP who is responsible for the most successful product by CSP, Zimistat. CSP had delegate Printup to be in-charged of the upcoming U.S product hurl of CSPs newest prescription medicine, Metabical. Barbara Printup, of ripen(p) Director of selling for Cambridge Sciences Pharmaceuticals (CSP) testawork forcet be the person who is responsible in the product launch of Metabical which scheduled for January 2009. It was now February 2008, and Printups premiere array of business was to develop a possible stance system and associated selling colloquys plan for Metabical. 2. 0 Executive Summary Cambridge Science Pharmaceuticals (CSP) came prohibited with the early prescription drug approved by the FDA specific everyy for toilsome singulars called Metabical.The majority of Metabical trials part icipants r from each o consider their freight- redness goals by calendar week 12. Although pricing had non been finalized, CSP estimated the retail dam grow for the drug would be approximately $3 to $5 per day, with the average var. treat custodyt long-wearing 12 weeks. In this newspaper, we volition conduct an abridgment for CSPs product, Metabical dineroing from the analysis of the indus get wind. We ordain then elaborate the issues regarding clayey and obesity in the United States and analyse the securities industry survey through by the company regarding expectant issues in lay out for us to make up which is the scoop out market incisionation that we should betoken.The second concentrate on in this report would be the positioning dodge which we will state the point of coincidence and point of differences of Metabical and come fall out with the positioning strategy and target market. The trey focus will be the the SWOT analysis of the product which we will state the efficacys, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of Metabical which lead us in deciding which trade dialogue strategy need to be taken next. Finally, we will discuss on merchandise communication strategy which best suit with the product so that CSP able to communicate wellspring with the target consumer.To decide the best positioning strategy and trade communication plan, CSP had spent so much age and money in R&038D and on FDA trials for Metabical. Printup was well awake that in evidence to recoup this massive investment, the drug need not only a successful launch, besides in like manner long termination, sweet stub demand. If Metabical were not successful with initial consumers, credibility of the drug would be in question and FDA boon would mean little. Printup still needed to flesh out the optimal class, targeting and positioning of the drug, Then she could move on to assessing her authoritative marketing 2 ommunications strategy and developing a tim eline for the get word activities. The case learn had led us in analysing and deciding who was the ideal target consumer? How should each participant in the decision-making process to be addressed? How could these participant best be reached? What was the appropriate message to convey to one of them? What was the role of the accept course of study? What was the optimal rollout schedule for the key marketing communications activities? In this report, Printup will provide all indicateations for the successfull marketing communication strategy and to reckon the long-term steady demand for Metabical. . 1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM OVERVIEW OF tail endbreaking ISSUES IN THE UNITED STATE Excess freight is con brassred a national health crisis in the U. S, with approximately 65% of the entire adult existence categorised as lumbering, round, or severely cogent. Being over incubus is related to to a number of serious health complications, and according to the Ameri nomina te fleshiness Association in 2005, ? the second leading cause of preventable stopping point in U. S. In addition to health risks, over burden various(prenominal)s depoture a significant social stigma as well as unlimited discrimination.Laziness and self indulgence are common stereotypes associated with this convocation. Many over cant over bulk feel like social outcasts. The professional life of an over weight down individual could withal be negatively affected, as tautological weight has been build to adversely influence, hiring decisions, wages, and promotions. Researchers and health care professionals measure excess weight victimization the Body Mass Index (BMI) scale. The BMI scale, which calculates the relationship betwixt weight and point associated with body fat and health risk, is appropriate for both men and women.It has tierce BMI categories of excess weight for adultsoverweight (25 to 30) obese (30 to 40) and severely, or morbidly obese (over 40). According t o CDC National Centre for Health Statistics in 2002, 65% adults age 20-74 are overweight. Overweight can give negative impact to the messs life much(prenominal) as coronary heart disease, endometrial, teat and colon cancer, gynecological business, stroke, lover disease, sleep apnea and respiratory problems, hyper tension and umteen other diseases. People are getting fatter almost everywhere in the world. In 2005, 1. 6 billion adults in the world are overweight patch 400 stat milion are obese.The World Health placement predicts there will be 2. 3 billion overweight adults in the world by 2015 and to a greater extent than than 700 million of them will be obese. grocery store ANALYSIS Marketing survey An extensive market survey had been conducted in 2007 which included 1,000 men and 1,000 women age ranging from 18 to 70 with BMIs of 25 to 29. 9 from various socioeconomics take aims. The objective of the market survey is for CSP to understand the consumers behaviour and wha t they actually want. 3. 2 3 At first 70% of respondents surveyed were not satisfied with their current weight. 5% 0f them verbalise were actively trying to pretermit weight but just 15% of them mentioned that were comfortable using drugs to serve up their weight-loss goals. When we described the benefits of Metabical to participants, 12 % of them immediately ask us to make an particular date with health care providers and request a prescription. In terms of happiness with their current weight in each gender, 75% of women and 65% of men mentioned were dissatisfied with their current weight and appearance, whereas 50% of women and just 30% of men visited a health care provider for annual physical test.Base on survey which respondents mentioned 55% of women and 40% of men wanted to change their fashion to live a healthy lifestyle. patch 60% of women and 30% of men said tried and failed to escape weight in past quintuple years. The survey results reveal 65% and 35% of responde nts were dissatisfied with current weight-loss options on the market for women and men respectively. In our data pool educational level of respondents as they mentioned was that 75% carry a college degree and 45% hold racy shoaling diploma and they were aware of the health risks associated with being somewhat overweight. ground on respondents report, 65% of 18 to 35 years old respondents said that they wish to nod off weight to look better and the rest (35%) of the similar age group respondents said that they wish to lose weight to cleanse their overall health. While respondents with 35 years old and above train portions 40% answers for good looks and 60% for better health. According to survey results 5%, 11% and 20% of respondents who harbor income level less(prenominal) than $40000, between $40,000 and much than$80,000 respectively mention that they would be spontaneous to pay ? ut of grievous bodily harm ? for a prescription weight-loss drug. Therefore according to t he survey there is a need for a better weight loss drug which is prove and galosh to lead a health lifestyle. Market Research base on statistic on adult population in United States between 1976 and 2000 obviously we can see the percentage of obese and overweight steadily increasing. The percentage of overweight population who had BMI between 25 and 30 which categorized in overweight group was 34% in year 2000. while in the same year 25. % of U. S. populations categorized as obese and 4. 7% into severely obese. Also the percentage of obesity were rise steadily with age in both gender with the blueest occurrence among men age 65 to 74 and women age of 55 to 64 and with overall more preponderance in men rather than women. As we can see the percentage of obese had inversely related with education level and income level. The highest obesity percentages were in less than $25,000 with 32. 5% and level of education less than high school with 27. 4%.Through this experience and ardent n eed to cater the moderately overweight people, health care providers saw their authorization customers in them who want to lose unhealthy pounds. Health care providers went ahead to produce the drug and recommend them to use it be ramps getting help from diet and 4 enjoyment schedules. Based on reports which were obtained from health care providers one of their major cautions active weight-loss drug was that unhurrieds would get back weight when they stopped taking contraceptive tabloids. We try to achieve psychographic segmentation of overweight.According to look which was done on females, they have the true of aims to lose weight. In age 18 to 30 with high school education and under $40000 income have low self-esteem and unrealistic forethought to look like a movie star. And in age group between 25 to 40 with college education and income level $50,000$80,000 said willing to alter current behavior to get back to their old physic. While age 35 to 65 with college education plus and more than $80,000 income mentioned ca-ca to make change to be better. In age group 45 to 65 with some college education and income $40,000 to $60,000 want to lose weight but if it is easy.In age group 40 to 65 with some college education and income $30,000-$50,000 they legitimate their overweight and they dont want to change the lifestyle. Printup similarly equip a study to analyse psychographic segmentation of overweight individuals. The study revealed that women present the most distinct segmentation. Out of five psychographic profiles, we feel that CSP should focus into devil of it segmentation which is as follows SEGMENT ? I want to be healthier? DESCRIPTION Want to lose weight to feel better and live chronic.Knowledgeable round the importance of nutrition and exercise. Ready to make a change. cogitate on gold of reclaiming former weight. Motivated and willing to alter current behaviour. TYPICAL DEMORGRAGPHIC PROFILE Age 35 to 65, college education plus, house hold income $80,000+ ?I want to wear my skinny jeans? Age 25 to 40, college education, household income $50,000 $60,000 To lose the above findings, in February 2008 focus group study revealed their dissatisfaction with current weight-loss options and the proclivity for a proven and safe way to drop excess weight.This focus group participants as well as expressed the desire for a prescriptionstrength drug with FDA approval and clinical result to back up weight-loss claim. 5 3. 3 SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT Analysis is a strategical Planning method that is used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of a business. It involves monitoring the grappleledgeable and external marketing environment. Table 1 SWOT Analysis STRENGTHS i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. FDA approval Safe and effective in achieving significant weight loss. Less deadly compared to other products.One contraceptive pill per day Average course treatment lasting12 weeks crew of Calosera and meditanan created dramatic effect for weight loss. Strong and Comprehensive marketing strategy Experience marketing and R&038D group Allocate square amount of money in marketing budget i. ii. WEAKNESSES Negative side effect-gastrointestinal discomfort. Not effective for individual with BMI>30 OPPORTUNITIES i. ii. iii. iv. Comprehensive put up program Health care plans to include Metabical in their prescription drug program 65% of adult population categorized as over weight, obese or severely obese.No prescription drug options for overweight segment (BMI 25-30) visible(prenominal) in 2008 except drug Alli approved by FDA Market seek indicated of high indication of people wanting to loss weight. i. ii. iii. THREATS FDA imposed mean regulation due to negative side-effect cases. Increasing herbal / dietary supplements misleading marketing claims. v. 3. 3. 1 STRENGTH CSP believed that its prescription drug, Metabical, is far more skipper than any weight-loss solution on th e market because Metabical would be the first prescription drug approved by the FDA specifically for overweight individuals (i. . , those with BMI of 25 to 30). The compounding of calosera and meditonan produced dramatic weight loss for overweight individuals and it is find to be less harmful as compared to other weight loss drugs. It worked in a low dose formulation, thereby reducing stress on heart or liver function than other weight loss drugs tended to produce. Metabical also drive awayed a controlled release feature that required only one pill to be taken per day with average course of treatment lasting 12 weeks. It also helps in changing people behavior to a healthier eating habits.CSP is an international company with a strong and see marketing and R&038D group. CSP has developed a omnibus(prenominal) marketing strategies and have allocated substantial amount of money in marketing budget. 6 3. 3. 2 WEAKNESSES Despite of its strength, Metabical has few negative side make associated with excess fat and calories in the diet. It occurs when users consumed high level of fat and calories. These side effects were similar to the gastrointestinal discomfort caused by Alli, only less severe.Metabicals formulation however is not very effective in component individuals with BMIs of 30 or outstandinger and was, therefore, not recommended for this group. 3. 3. 3 OPPORTUNIES Excess weight is considered a public health crisis in the U. S and approximately 65% of the entire adult population categorized as overweight, obese or severely obese. With these large population, it creates an even bigger market share for Metabical. In addition, no prescription drug option specifically for the overweight segment (BMI of 25 to 30) were available in 2008 except for drug Alli had been approved by the FDA for weight loss used.Meaning there will be no strong competitor for Metabical for the time being. From the market survey and market research conducted by CSP, it signaled hi gh indication of people actively wanting to lose weight and live a healthy life style with countrywide acquit program will enable individuals to achieve better results than they would from the pill alone. In addition, the substantiate program would teach lifestyle skills for healthy weight charge after the initial weight loss was achieved. 3. 3. 4 THREATThe drug application faced several safety concerns with regard to weight-loss drugs and had been accused of deceptive marketing claims that dempened enthusiasm for the products. This deceptive marketing claim had damaged the industry credibility and to regain consumers confidence would be another big dispute to the drug industries. The rising in the numbers of dietary supplements and herbal products had worse the situation due to its unregulated condition by the FDA and the products negative side effect such as sudden bill posteriac death and other serous health risks had reduse people confidence in weight loss drugs. . 4 TAR GET marketplace In developing a viable positioning strategy in order to determine the flop target market, CSP had conducted an extensive market survey of overweight individuals in the year 2007. beneath the market analysis, Barbara Printup also carried out a study to analyze psychographic segmentation of the overweight individuals and they found out that women demonstrated the most distinct segmentation. Based on these findings from the market survey, market research and the psychographic segmentation, we suggest that the target market for Metabical are as the following 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 4. 0 Specifically for overweight individuals with BMI of 25 to 30. Women with age ranging from 25-65 Women with household income between $50,000 $80,000 Women with college education and above Concern with health issues caused by overweight and actively trying to lose weight ordain to change current behavior and to live healthy lifestyle trade COMMUNICATION ST markGY The communication strategy of a prescription weight loss drug such as Metabical had to address all participants in the decision making process.Therefore, the communication strategy must focus on two main targets firstly, the Healthcare Providers and secondly direct to consumers who would be prescribing the music. The marketing communication strategy should also address the concern of the healthcare providers which is the patient would regain weight after they stop taking the pills and to include in the communication process by providing solution through Metabical and its continuous strengthener program.As far the end consumers the communication process must address their concern which is want to lose weight to feel better and live longer. The initial Metabical launch budget is as per Table 2 below Table 2 Marketing Budget YEAR 1 denote Push (Prescriber) Pull (Direct To Customer) Total Advertising $ 1,000,000 $ 12,000,000 &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212-$ 13,000,000 $ 200,000 $ 600,000 $ 2,000,000 $ 500,0 00 $ 200,000 &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212-$ 3,500,000 $ 3,500,000 $ 800,000 &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212-$ 4,300,000 $ 600,000 $ 1,491,000 $ 255,000 $ 23,146,000 PROMOTIONDevelopment of Support Program tiffin &038 Learn Seminars / Other Promo Production of Support Program Training / Promotion Materials Direct Mailing To Health feel for Providers Total Promotion populace RELATIONS Medical Education Meeting and Event Press loosen / Materials Total Public Relations Market Research Sales Force Allocation Product Management Allocation TOTAL BUDGET It is also very important for the marketing communication strategy to have the timeline for the key marketing activities and we proposed the optimal roll out schedule for key marketing communications activities to be as follows 8Table 3 Schedule of Marketing Communication Activities TIME LINE Sales Force Road show On Clinical Information by sales Pharmacies Team Advertising To grow Brand Awarenes &038 Knowledge Advertising Branding Im age Promotion &038 Public Relation Product Launch Continues Support Program YEAR 1 YEAR 2 FEB 2008 JAN 2009 4. 4. 1 ADVERTISING A sum of $13. 0 million had been allocated for these push and pull advertize. Direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising is a new phenomenon in the drug industry due to the introduction of guidelines by the FDA in 1997 that unresolved up the flood gates to the drug advertisements.The first year, CSP should aggressively cut down on the advertising activities to DTC in order to create product noesis and brand sentience which include television, online (website), radio advertisements and press conference during the product launch in January 2009. In order to meet its objective we propose that the advertisement strategy must go with the tagline ? Losing weight is tough, You dont have to do it alone. Let Metabical and your healthcare provider start you on the road to a healthy weight and better lifestyle?.The aged Executive of CSP did not agree with the idea of celebrity endorser but we strongly believe that this celebrity spokesperson idea is a great idea and able to attract more customers to buy Metabical. As we know that celebrities have become the trend depositter and very influential in terms of their style of dressing, hairstyle, cosmetic that they are wearing, their car model and even what they eat. Thus, a celebrity like Oprah Winfrey can be very influential in attracting more customers especially when she endorse Metabical in her talk show program.Metabicals advertising strategy should also target the professional medical corporation which is the healthcare provider. For example, they could create a campaign by brand ads in leading medical publications and interactive ads online related to health issues in order to raise awareness about the drug and its benefits. 9 This advertising concepts which aimed to healthcare provider must go along with the tagline ? Empower your patients to lose excess weight. Change their unhealthy eat ing habits and achieve long term success.Introducing Metabical short-term drug therapy and comprehensive support program for overweight patients. It gets results? 4. 4. 2 PROMOTION AND PUBLIC RELATIONS The promotion and public relations budget also included campaign aimed at both healthcare providers and the end consumers. The total budget allocated for this campaign is $4. 3 mil with $1. 3 mil was allocated for promotional campaign in the first year. Before the Metabical launch, pamphlets and reply card for sample of support program should be mailed to 100,000 health care providers as a direct mail campaign.These pamphlets contain information about Metabical. The next best campaign that the marketing communication strategy should focus heavily on is the viral marketing campaign in order to reach the market globally. This viral marketing involves internet sales, social interlock such as facebook, twitter and blogs in order to create bombilate for Metabical. Infact, CSP should set up a team on this viral marketing campaign in order to reach customers faster and cheaper globally.The plan to launch an online contest during Metabical launching day is a good idea whereby Metabical users would have the chance to compete who could reduce their BMIs by the highest percentage. Normally in the weight loss industry, people want to see results and testimonial on the drugs. We consider the Public Relations efforts to include pre-launch and atlaunch press release is a good more because it can act as a coquette ad and to inform the public at large that Metabical is the newly safe weight loss drug in the market.The roundtable discussion involving gravid leaders member of media and medical professional in the medical community and medical research symposium to members of media and medical professional, is an important strategy because in order for the weight loss products to be successful, an endorsement by expert is very likely to increase the confidence level of the cus tomers. In addition, the coverage of these high profile events in the leading news organization shall stir the marketing communication strategy of Metabical.A series of breakout sessions focusing on health issues for overweight patients shall further strengthening the communication strategy in product effectiveness and awareness. 10 4. 4. 3 SALES FORCE The Metabical sales team consisted of 32 sales representatives who service approximately 3,200 medical offices. These sales team had been instructed to give product detail of Metabical to the healthcare providers.In order for the sales team to be effective in meeting objective of creating product knowledge and its benefits, they providing clinical information and to arrange for a visit to at least(prenominal) four medical offices per day in order to finish up the 3,200 medical offices which are already in their data base. CSP also need to increase the number of their sales force team in order to cover the other 100,000 healthcare pr oviders which are still untapped by them. This additional sales force team need to attend all the inquiries that they might receive after the mailing of pamphlets and sample to the said 100,000 healthcare providers. . 4. 4 COMPREHENSIVE SUPPORT PROGRAM The most common problem among the weight loss drug company is that people will start regaining weight once they stop taking the pill and in some cases, these people will gain even more weight then their initial weight. Realising this issue, CSP planned to create a comprehensive support program to complement the Metabical pill. Its goal is to enable individuals to achieve better results than they would from the pill alone. In addition, the support program would teach lifestyle skills for healthy weight maintenance after the initial weight loss was achieved. 200,000 will be spent on the development of the support program and the cost in Year 1 associated with producing the program is approximately $2 million. It is recommended that CSP to add this comprehensive support program in their extendage in the form of a CD in each pack so as to enhance the ability of Metabical users to reach and maintain their weight-loss goals. They can also put it in their website and to other form of social network. The sales force team also need to include this support program in their presentation in order to convey its benefits to the healthcare providers.It must also be well stated in the pamphlets and flyers which they are distributing. 4. 5 PRODUCT STRATEGY Metabical is the first prescription drug approved by FDA specifically for overweight individual with BMI of 25 to 30. Clinical trials proved Metabical to be safe and effective in achieving significant weight loss for overweight individuals. The majority of trial participants reached their weight-loss goals by week 12. Thus, CSP need to decide on the best form of promotional material by considering what is the number of pills that would be included in each pack. 11Packing th e whole twelve week supply in one package will cause higher pricing and it will effect the number of potential customers. Even though the twelve-week supply will enable the customers to hump the twelve-week oscillation in 3 months in a row but it will limit the potential customers only to those who can afford the entire medication program with one-time pay. Therefore, it is advisable to pack Metabical with one pack for four week supply which can make it affordable for everyone. However, there is risk to this one-month packaging whereby there will be no guarantee that the consumers will complete the entire treatment.As such, it is also suggested to have another packaging with 3 pack for 12 weeks supply and as value added, a CD contain comprehensive support program is attached to it. By attaching the comprehensive support program to the 3 pack of twelve week supply it can definitely attract more customers especially those with higher income bracket of more than $80,000. 4. 6 DISTRIB UTION STRATEGY Being a prescribed weight loss drugs definitely the distribution channels are limited to places such as Drug store, healthcare Providers, Specialty Store uch as Watson, pharmacy such as Guardian and the latest trend is the Internet Sales. 4. 7 PRICING STRATEGY Pricing is another important factor in determining the success of Metabical. In order to determine the damage for Metabical, first we compare with its closest competitor which is Allis pricing model. We have to also come up with several other assumptions such as by assuming that consumers will be ready to pay more for a prescription drug and generally people trust prescribed drug rather than the non-prescribed drugs.So, to set higher price for Metabical would not be a problem and would be acceptable by the consumers. Therefore, we come-up with price simulation as per Table 4 below Table 4 Pricing pretension METABICAL ALLI Estimated Retail Price Dosage discussion $3 to $5 Per pill 1 Pill Per Day 12 Weeks (90 Days) $120 Per Pack / $2. 40 Per Pill 1 Pill Per Day 50 Days $2 Per Pill Revenue Per Month Revenue Per Year ESTIMATED RETAIL determine $3 Per Pill $4 Per Pill $5 Per Pill $6 Per Pill $60 $720 $90 $1,080 $120 $1,440 $150 $1,800 $180 $2,160 To sell at $90 per month is to low because Metabical is a prescription drug. To capture a larger group the price should not as high as $150 per month. $120 per month would be the right price for a four weeks supply. Based on Table 4 above, we set Metabical price at $120 per month which we assume would be the right price for a four week supply. 12 Pricing strategy is also directly ties with the demand forecast and sales forecast. Thus, based on Market Survey and Market research finding we come up with demand forecast as per Table 4 below 4. . 1 POTENTIAL CUSTOMER Table 5 Potential Customer universe of discourse OVERWEIGHT POTENTIAL USER (manufacturing plantion) (25 < BMI < 30) (MILLION) 2000 209 34% 71. 06 2008 230 39% 89. 70 FROM MARKET SU RVEY 12% Respondents Immediately Make an Appointment With Their Health Care Provider and Request a Prescription YEAR 2000 YEAR 2008 71. 06 pulverization X 12% = 8. 53 dweeb 89. 70 Mill X 12% = 10. 76 Mill Say Only 10% Consumers gouge Be Reached In The First Year 8. 53 Mill X 10% = 0. 85 Mill 10. 76 Mill X 10% = 1. 08 Mill YEARFrom the above demand forecast, we then come up with the sales forecast as per Table 6 4. 7. 2 SALES presage Table 6 Sales Forecast ESTIMATED TOTAL NUMBER OF take on TO BE SOLD From 2. 55 Mill Packs (0. 85 Mill X 3 Packs) To 3. 24 Mill Packs (1. 08 Mill X 3 Packs) deliberate Price $120 Per Pack CSP WOULD EARN BETWEEN $306 Mill to $389 Mill 4. 7. 3 recurrence ON INVESTMENT (ROI) Table 7 Return on Investment (ROI) INITIAL YEAR SALES TURNOVER ($ Mill) ACUMULATIVE CASHFLOW ($ Mill) RETURN ON INVESTMENT (ROI) ( % ) (423. 5) (423. 15) YEAR 1 347. 40 (75. 75) -19% YEAR 2 383. 88 308. 13 77% YEAR 3 424. 18 732. 31 183% 515% $2,623. 65 MILL 1. 27 YEARS Y EAR 4 468. 72 1,201. 03 300% YEAR 5 517. 94 1,718. 97 429% INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN (IRR) NET PRESENT VALUE (NPV) PAYBACK PERIOD y ASSUMTIONS Product Price $120 Per Pack (For 1 Month Treatment 30 pills) Estimated Product Sold in Year 1 From 2. 55 Mill 3. 24 Mill (Say On Average 2. 90 Mill Packs). Turnover Increase by 10% Every Year. Investment appeal $423. 15 Mill. 13 5. 0CONCLUSION Print-up had come up with a strong and comprehensive marketing communication strategy which focus on the brand awareness and Metabical benefits to the targeted group. Based on the extensive market survey and market research as well as the focus group findings, the marketing communication strategy of Metabical will be successfully creating demand for Metabical. Furthermore, being cognize as the only prescription drug with FDA approval and clinical results to back up weight-loss claims will definitely attract a lot more customers and steady demand in the future. 14

Compare the Wars and All Quiet on the Western Front Essay

During initiation War I, many soldiers were impacted by the work forcetal and physical set up that have changed their lives in positive, hardly mostly negative ways. There atomic number 18 two novels that talk close two men in cosmea War I, nonetheless each tells a different story on their struggles on the battlefield. On one of the books, The Wars by Timothy Findley, focuses on the sponsor Robert Ross, a Canadian soldier that joined the fight.Robert Ross mainly joined to contendf befare because it was his way of isolating himself after his sisters devastation, eyepatch on the other book, both cool it on The Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque, in which the story is about a teenager named capital of Minnesota Baumer. capital of Minnesota Baumer is a German soldier who was influenced from his teacher that expiration to war was a courageous decision. War focuses us to sacrifice our humanity in exchange for survival, which leads us to our self- remnant, where we kick t he bucket like animals for the saki of our survival.The meaning back end this is that wars take our printings and human instincts thus replacing them to animal instincts to weather. In the end, breeding becomes difficult to come back to which leads to our avouch destruction. The aspect from both novels is about men who were destroyed by war (Remarque 12) even when they have fly the horrors of the war. Both authors express that they do not want to tell us about the experiences in the war, at least not just the war, but rather the destructive impact on the soldier such as the inability of young people to go back to their life exactly like before the war.There is no doubt that the entire extension has been ruined by war and were unable to function afterwards. Paul Baumer returns stead on his seven day leave, and describes those seven days as stressed personal experiences. He fails to see an old major on the street, he is forced by another officer to go back to the major a nd salute him according to the etiquette of military soldiers. Paul feels as though it is picayune harassment. For Paul its already embarrassing for his father to tell him to split his uniform so that he could proudly evidence it to all his acquaintances. retributory to show his uniform to all his fathers acquaintances, Baumer finds it as though as they are getting the wrong idea of what the reality of war was. Pauls father wants him to use his experiences of the war as a demonstration but insists that it is to dangerous to remind him of the war because he cannot draw away as though he was on the front-lines like before. This goes the same as for The Wars many soldiers were destroyed after seeing how the war was like. frozen fingers of strange rivers, heralded by stream and whirling snow, the train returned him to his heritage of farms (Findley 46) The steam clean from the train could have signified the anger from all the soldiers after witnessing the finish from all their fe llow troops and just leaving their corpse unburied, while they move on to the hopes of winning the war. The topic of destruction in the novels is in any case caused by the previous(a) multiplication. The junior generations believed that the elder ones had greater in bay window and intuition but was subsequent on destroyed by the runner sight of the war casualties.The sight of how they have been betrayed, the soldiers also notice that it is the erstwhile(a) generation that declares war and never physically fight in it however it is the young soldiers that are risking their own lives for them. An lesson of betrayal is also seen in The Wars, when Robert is betrayed by Taffler, whom was seen as a manly cockeyed soldier to follow however after the incident, Roberts view of him immediately shattered. Robert states that all the soldiers have been raped by their so called leaders. It has to be there because it is my belief that Robert Ross and his generation of young men were rap ed, in effect, by the people who feistye the war. Basically, their fathers did it to them. (Findley 150-151) Fathers would be the people that are in powers who controlled the younger generation but who were also told to slaughter their so called enemy. All Quiet on the Western Front also contradicts the older generation because Paul feels as though he was betrayed by his own teacher. For us lads of eighteen they ought to have been mediators and guides to the world of maturity to the future in our hearts we trusted them.The idea of authority, which they represented, was associated in our minds with a greater shrewdness and a more humane wisdom. But the first death we sawing machine shattered this belief. We had to recognize that our generation was more to be trusted than theirs The first bombardment showed us our mistake, and under it the world as they had taught it to us skint in pieces. (Remarque 78) In this quote Paul learns that the educators who were supposed to guide the younger generation to the right direction into the world have failed miserably.The older generation that is constantly mocking the younger generations for cowardice signs but even the older generation hasnt actually experienced the reality of war and what the feeling of fighting is actually like. The younger generation need to make their own choices instead of always relying on the older ones between whether something is right or wrong whilst the older generation has been proved incapable of doing so. In the midst of wars many soldiers strive to survive and will do anything just for the sake of survival.Robert Ross does a good job on surviving the war on the battlefront however, it is ironic to see the very same allies he fought with end up killing him. Robert doesnt die in activeness but dies in a burning barn. He continuously sees destruction all around him wherever he goes and is always afraid that he may not live On the far side he could see that the men and the wagons and the rest of the convoy were drawn up darling fires and he just kept thinking warm, I am outlet to be warm. (Findley 82) This is desperation in order to remain alive.Similarly to The Wars, Paul and his friends also strive just to survive the war. In the first chapter Remarque jumps into the war action We were at rest five miles behind the front (Remarque 3) He does not clearly specify whether or not the German the States or Pauls friends. Unlike The Wars where the main characters are athletic, strong like Robert and Taffler, Remarque doesnt describe his characters as complete developed characters. distributively of them is described as people who have regular human qualities. An example would be Tjaden who is the biggest eater and Westhus who continuously thinks about women.They feel as though, to survive they need to form a brotherhood that strives as much as possible to survive an arena of death. All other expressions they may show are unable to be shown as the only thing that you re able to show is the sake for surviving the war. Hunger is a let out of survival in All Quiet on The Western Front. umpteen soldiers that dont come back to the camp receive the brain dead ones share of food from the first chapter. Because the soldiers were really happy to see the unnecessary food and wasnt sad or angry about the death of their comrades means that food was very uncommon.Dehumanizing is a necessary tool in order to survive the war. Dehumanizing is depicted in both The Wars and All Quiet on the Western Front, however, Robert is having trouble going to the stage of being degrade through the book, and isnt until later he is to his limits and snaps making him do odious things like shooting Captain Leather in the face. Referring back to All Quiet on The Western Front, Paul describes the psychological transformations that soldiers have when going into battle such as this quote. We have become wild beasts.We do not fight, we defend ourselves against annihilation. It is not against men that we fling our bombs, what so we receive of men in this moment when Death with hands and helmets is hunting us down We feel a mad anger. No longer do we lie helpless, waiting on the scaffold, we can destroy and kill, to hold ourselves, to save ourselves and be revenged (Remarque 113). The soldiers stop being good people and become beasts later on, so they may survive. It is necessary to sacrifice the thoughtful and logical disassemble of their minds in order for them to become like animals to survive.However for Robert dehumanization becomes a problem. He is too sensitive for these sorts of things and this is seen through his thoughtfulness of the animals. Robert tries to find a role model to become manlier but doesnt happen until he sees the horses being bombed, in which changes him. Robert has held in such anger to the point where he kills captain leather but the interesting thing is that Robert went to the point of seemly an animal himself in order to sa ve animals. His anger blush wine to such a pitch that he feared he was going to go oer into madness.He stood where the gate has been and thought If an animal had done this we would call it mad and shoot it and at that precise moment Captain Leather rose to his knees and began to struggle to his feet. Robert shot between the eyes. (Findley 178) Wars had a huge impact to the younger generations and the physical involvement of war changes a person immediately. I am young, I am twenty years old yet I know nothing of life but despair, death, fear and fatuous superficiality cast over an abyss of sorrow. (Remarque 267) Soldiers such as Robert and Paul fetch that they themselves have changed from the impact of the war experience, they are alienated, a feeling of no belonging, an inability to connect to the past. And feel as though they need to go back to the trenches because nothing else connects to them anymore. And so the broken soldiers, Paul and Robert, return to the frontlines and become an animal again, only this time, survival is short lived.

Can Prison Deter Crime? Essay

Danbury wasnt a prison house house, it was a offence school. I went in with a live of marijuana, came out with a Docto stray of cocaine George JungThe above quote was disposed by nonorious international medicate lord, and one of the most happy cargoner crook of advanced(a) times, George Jung, when covering the flaws of the modern penal establishment. opus consequent to this original incarceration, George did also frequently enjoin that he would never capture himself to be detained in prison again, it is obvious that the very mechanism disembodied spirit on discouragering him from such(prenominal) deviance instead served as a stepping rock and roll in the advancement of his roughshod c atomic number 18er (Porter, 1993). This double edged exit of the detainment of criminals, identified above, brings into question the way outiveness of the most widely recognised order of dealing with criminal activity of modern times. The physical confinement of deviants in cl ub nates be traced back to the writings of Plato discussing prisons in superannuated A and hences. Likewise, archaeologists and historians baffle combined to describe the Great Prison of the Egyptian tenderness Kingdom (Morris & Rothman, 1998).The modern precedent of the prison that we would know today, with prison acting as a mechanism at the disposal of the address to a signifi orduret extent, is genuinely relatively young with its origins traced back a mere 300 hundred years to Western Europe and the coupled States (Coyle, 2005). In the 18th deoxycytidine monophosphate, the Quakers substantial this idea of transforming the prison into a insane asylum for reformation, whereby a criminal would be transformed through isolation, forced mash and religious instruction (Kontos, 2010). Though the methods and motivations of this incarceration have changed over time, the perfect longevity of locking physical detention as a response to behavior deemed unacceptable by gr eat confederacy, pays testament to its undeniable rational.patronage common shopping centre acceptance of this method across the centuries, questions of its effectiveness as a hindrance of criminal activity have drive prominent in lots modern times with emphasis on rehabilitation quite an than penalisation and retribution now evident. In this essay I go forth f wishing to address some of these questions beginning with an overview of societies changing motivations for and expectations of this system. Following this, I every last(predicate)ow for then give an overview of the ancestrys that say prison solely does non in effect act as a deterrent towards crime. To provide an unbiased eternal rest to the piece, I will then give account of the counter arguments to this, which recurrence the more traditional view of prison still serving its inclination in society. Finally, I will conclude by briefly bad my own ruling on the issue with relation to referenced arguments.Mot ivations for/ Expectations of Prisons small-arm it is generally accepted that the presence of the prison as a incision of the criminal justice system as a whole has a positive effect as a deterrent towards crime, there is bitty evidence to suggest that marginal changes of the inner workings inside the prison has any effect as to the direct of this deterrence (Morris & Rothman, 1998). This position would suggest that a debate into the motivations and consequently nature of incarceration is heart and soulless, since it is and the basic denial of physical liberty that appears to be relevant. Despite this, I feel it is important to understand the funda amiable motivational factors of society stern the prison and how that affects its workings. After all a lack of clarity of manner and conflicting ideologies can have negative effects, only condemning merely the failures of the prison system. The functions of the modern day prison can be divided into three main sections whic h I will now briefly discussRetribution/PunishmentPunishment would seem the most obvious function of a prison and indeed the Criminal arbitrator Act 2003 states The courtroom mustiness non pass a custodial condemn unless it is of the opinion that the law-breaking..was so serious that neither a fine nor a community sendence can be justified for the offence (Criminal Justice Act 2003 In Coyle, 2005 12) The more sever the crime the great the level of punishment, without mention of mental state or rehabilitation. and then you, often gather up of people criticising that a criminal got off with community sentences or a fine. Other frequent criticism also lies in the treatment of detainees while in prison. Frequently, it is pressd that prisoners are treated withal well in prison, with the modern prison often universe equipped with TVs and other such luxuries. While the use of a TV does non have any effect on the rehabilitative effects and does not cause any greater risk to th e law abiding public, it is simply this idea that one must be punished in prison as retribution for the crimes they deplumateted.Indeed there could be argued a rational for such punishment to correspond acceptance of the system by society, for if victims feel that these criminals have got off too lightly they are more identically to exact their own revenge, tether to even more law and disorder. As well as ensuring a public acceptance of justice, a direct contact is often make mingled with a greater the level of punishment providing a greater deterrent to potential perpetrators. A short sentence in a comfortable prison would not provide the same deterrent to gift crime as a long sentence in an uncomfortable prison. Additionally, prior to imprisonment, the prospect that one could be sent to prison for orderting a crime must be weighed up against the length and standard of sentence to ensure deterrence.For example, 0.0001% of perpetrators being sent to a sub standard entropy American labour camp for 40 years might not have the same effect as 99% of prisoners being sent to a more comfortable prison for 6 months. This being state a correlation between punishment and deterrence can at times defy logic with Eysenck using the example of countries reach rates not being related to whether or not they employ the death penalty (Eysenck, 1964). With the civilization and democratization of modern societies, naturally, more blunt punishments such as corporal punishment or labour camps are now being less utilised.A mentality of men sexual climax to prison as a punishment rather than men culmination to prison to be punished has now developed (Coyle, 2005). Foucault described this passing from torture to incarceration as born out of sympathy for the torture bodies of offenders (Kontos, 2010) With the detention in prison now being the punishment itself, issues such as sentence length are now paramount in providing an adequate to(predicate) deterrent.ReformationTh is idea of prison as a place of reform grew from the 19th ampere-second onwards and the notion can be seen as attractive on many accounts. Firstly, it provides great justification for sentencing for twain the judicial system and society as a whole, providing a moral mellow ground that the punishment sit does not. In this model criminals are seen as a minority who display traits that distinguish them from greater society. close crime is seen as being committed by this minority and therefore the reformation of this group will lead to a significant decrease in crime. Criminals are not seen as victim of circumstances, but rather have underlying traits which can be altered, meaning criminals can be released back into the same circumstances as a functioning appendage of society.The principle that humans can be advanced to alter their behaviour is a sound one however it could be argued that the prison is not the venue for this to occur (Morris & Rothman, 1998). Foucault again sum marizes the issues well saying that ad hominem change comes from personal choice and cannot be forced upon soulfulness (Coyle, 2005). Difficulties can arise from indecision as to the exact purpose of prisons when sentencing length reflects thirst for punishment, while incarceration reflects desire for reform. Short term sentences provide particular use for fictional character reform and therefore little justification for prison. This being say if one is to remain in prison for a compass point of time it would seem rational that efforts would be made to reform the character regardless (Kontos, 2010).Public Protection/IncapacitationIt is undeniable that at least for the result that a criminal is in prison the greater public is defend from them, by virtue of the fact they are physically unable to commit crime. Due to the nature of short sentences and the negative impact prison can have on a young criminals relish to crime, this protection can prove very limited. Rather than d eterring crime, from this perspective, prison simply makes it impossible for criminals to commit crime for the periods which they are incarcerated. A criminals life career follows a relatively predictable cycle. Criminals tend to be most active from mid to late adolescence until their late twenties.Gradually they obtain less active in their early thirties and this propensity closely disappears by their mid thirties (Morris & Rothman, 1998). In many facets of crime, go back offenders commit small offences and therefore are given short sentences, meaning they are soon once again capable of committing crimes, leaving society exposed. This issue was addressed in the first half of the 20th century implementing preventative detention when dealing with repeat offenders. Additional time was hurtle on top of the standard sentence for repeat offenders preventing them from reoffending. However, this form of sentencing was seen as unjust and quickly abandoned (Coyle, 2005).Now that we ha ve established societys motivations tooshie prison and the deterring effect they have on crime, we will now examine the argument that prison in fact does not deter crime and in many cases can even encourage it.Prison Doesnt Deter CrimeThere are some(prenominal) factors which contribute to an actors propensity to crime both in the lead sign imprisonment and after. This distinction between before and after initial imprisonment is important due to the high rates of re-imprisonment in Ireland. If prison is to be piece to deter crime directly, then interaction between prisoner and prison should address these issues. The first factor which affects an actors propensity to commit crime is the personality of the criminal. There are two types of personality defects which can lead to an actor psychological and psychopathic. For criminals with psychological issues, the factors behind the criminals first and second or third offence are likely to be the same. Factors can be a dress of issu es, from addiction to a mental health disorder such as paedophilia. Simple punishment methods that may deter normal actors do not apply here and a lack of treatment or adequate rehabilitation would simply lead to beliefs on a regular basis.This then brings into question the levels of rehabilitation in prisons in order to deter in store(predicate) offences. As already mentioned, prison is out-of-the-way(prenominal) from the ideal venue for mental health improvement or treatment and relapse-prevention programmes have not prove successful (Eysenck, 1964). Psychopathic traits can be defined as an singular whose character traits deviate so far from the culturally accepted norm that he finds difficulty in conforming to ordinary social demands (West, 1963 60). Psychopaths orient numerous symptoms such as childlike tantrums, sporadic violence, a lack of social learning and emotional indifference (lack of remorse or guilt) (West, 1963). Again, to deter such deviants, treatment is need ed which perhaps would be more fit to a mental hospital rather than an institution based on the Quakers fundamental premise of isolation and hard labour.Contrary to logic the actual experience inside prison itself can also prove to make up ones propensity to commit crime. Though some authors (Saunders & Billante, 2002) do argue that increasing committals does reduce crime, and the unprecedented 20 year reduction in crime combined with an equally unprecedented rise in prison population does give them ammunition. Many preachers of this high imprisonment rate model blatantly disregards trends in other countries citing the undeniably extraordinary figures in the U.S. as undisputable evidence. However, even in countries as close to the US as Canada, flaws have already begun to emerge with Piche stating that the use of imprisonment has failed to enhance public safety in locations that have shifted towards a mass incarceration model (Piche, 2010 23).Many would argue that young offende rs, who so often enter prison for short sentences resulting from minor offences, come out of prison more devious criminals then when they went in. A young luxuriant youth who has already become entangled in minor crime enters into a system where he is forced to socialise with more hardened criminals, often with gang affiliations. With much crime being affiliated with drugs and gang affiliation, immediately the young criminal becomes much more likely to reoffend due to his apparently rehabilitative scant in prison with prison acting as a recruitment agency for gangs (Rogan, 2011). Potentially a young criminal who entered prison for a relatively minor offence can leave prison with criminal underworld ties, gang affiliations and the pressures to commit crime that come with that.Additionally, after this initial incarceration the young criminal is then known to the authorities and is then more likely to be caught committing crime. While it could not be say that entering prison for a short stint is an incentive to commit crime, it could certainly not be seen as a deterrent for an already delinquent juvenile (Rogan, 2011). While the deterring effect of prison does stretch far beyond the small minority who are at some put committed to prison, the fact that most recorded crime, warranting incarceration, is committed by a small minority would suggest that greatest deterring affects could be had by at least reducing inmates propensity to crime. This prison link between prison and gangs and drugs cannot be over emphasised. Drugs are seen as a leading factor of crime, both as users and dealers.On average it is said that drug users will have contact with the criminal justice system at least once a year. This effect can be direct or indirect. Schleslinger found that while many burglars are drug and alcohol dependent only a small minority have been actually intoxicated during the burglaries, meaning an indirect affect (Schleslinger, 2000). Schleslinger also found a stro ng relationship between crime and drugs and concluded that someone who became involved in the criminal lifestyle was likely to become involved in substance abuse. It would appear that the prison creates an environment where a troubled youth who is struggling to find direction is given every prospect to fail in the prison environment.Prison Does Deter CrimeDespite the fact that it has been found that over half of those released from prison will be re-imprisoned within four years there are those who act as advocates for prison as a mechanism of deterrence towards crime and they are not without convincing statistics of their own (ODonnell, 2005). In the late 20th century two major policy changes occurred that coincided with the greatest decrease in crime in modern history in the US, and more specifically the pioneering state of New York. Firstly, the revolutionary Broken Windows theory was developed and implemented in New York. Secondly, a conscious decision was made to ensure that mo re offenders would end up in prison, where before alternative sanctions would have been implemented.The precept behind this second shift was based on academic books in the field of economics rather than sociology and a brief overview of this argument provided a brief summary of why prison deters crime economically. The piece, primarily written in the 1960s by Chicago economist Gary Becker, suggested that crime, like any other business, was the result of a calculation between benefits vs. risks/cost. From this Becker sound that by changing this calculus, by causing the risks and costs to outweigh the benefits, the rate of crime could be decreased (Saunders & Billante, 2002).Much discussion developed out of Beckers argument, and though it was not agreed by everyone that all criminals were in fact rational utility maximisers, eventually from this it was decided that to augment cost and risks in this equation firstly they must increase the probability of being caught and second e nsure that offenders saw prison time as a result of their actions. Funding was increased to ensure capture and conviction and new policies were implemented to increase the severity of penalties resulting in both high prison rates (doubling from 1970-1980 and again doubling from 1981-1995) but also forceful decreases in crime outlined below (Morris & Rothman, 1998).