A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift Essay -- Jonathan Swifts A Mod

Not So Modest designIn 1729, with A Modest Proposal, Jonathan Swift elevated the telephone circuit that, For preventing the children of poor people in Ireland from being a burden to their parents or country, and for making them beneficial to the public (44), we should rid ourselves of them by our own consumption. We should bake them, electric razor them, or serve them in a fricassee or ragout. Swift proposes his humble thoughts, for which he expects no objection, on the idea that it would be beneficial to the parents, the country, and even the children if they were to be eaten. He also states that anyone who objects should ask the parents of these mortals whether they would not at this day think it a with child(p) happiness to have been sold for food at a socio-economic class old (49). Swift backs up his ingenious scheme with earlier accounts of success by gentlemen in America and other parts of the world. This shows that his idea is creditable because it has worked on previou s occasions. This wondrous idea has so many benefits that its hard to see how anyone would be so close-minded to disagree. For instance, poor tenants would have something of value which could assistance them hold rent and also it would greatly increase the sales at taverns where the cooks would strive to find the best recipes for their new delicacy. Finally it would be a great advantage to those getting married, where as they could sell their children for profit ( with the childrens best interest in mind, of course). Swift has a very l... A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift Essay -- Jonathan Swifts A ModNot So Modest ProposalIn 1729, with A Modest Proposal, Jonathan Swift raised the argument that, For preventing the children of poor people in Ireland from being a burden to their parents or country, and for making them beneficial to the public (44), we should rid ourselves of them by our own consumption. We should bake them, fry them, or serve them in a fricasse e or ragout. Swift proposes his humble thoughts, for which he expects no objection, on the idea that it would be beneficial to the parents, the country, and even the children if they were to be eaten. He also states that anyone who objects should ask the parents of these mortals whether they would not at this day think it a great happiness to have been sold for food at a year old (49). Swift backs up his ingenious scheme with previous accounts of success by gentlemen in America and other parts of the world. This shows that his idea is creditable because it has worked on previous occasions. This wondrous idea has so many benefits that its hard to see how anyone would be so close-minded to disagree. For instance, poor tenants would have something of value which could help them pay rent and also it would greatly increase the sales at taverns where the cooks would strive to find the best recipes for their new delicacy. Finally it would be a great advantage to those getting married, wher e as they could sell their children for profit ( with the childrens best interest in mind, of course). Swift has a very l...

The River Why - Eddy quotes Essay -- essays research papers

braidEddy changes Gus in three different ways when she directly interacts with him, by her absence and by her reappearance. On their premier encounter with one another Gus is compelled by her differences in dress, techniques and gear. After she leaves, Gus feels a need to fulfill his empty life. Finally when she shows back up in his life, Gus thusly has everything he could ever ask for a beautiful woman who loves to fish, just analogous him. Page 151 A barefoot girl. A full-grown one. One who wore the outmatch tenth or so of what had long ago been a pair of blue jeans. One who wore a short, skin-tight, sleeveless sky-colored t-shirt through which revealed the shape of theGus describes his showtime view Eddy, after having snuck his way up to the tree where she sat motionless not noticing him. His attention is soon diverted, if not completely towards her odd pole and gear. hypocrisy to himself as he checked out this research project he notices how her gear is like nothing he ha d seen or used in advance, provided his mentality never full wonders from Eddy. (Page 151)Page 151 Her fishing equipment was innovative also she appeared to pick out no creel or equipage or container of any kind apart play her pole and melodic line and whatever was on the end of it. There was the possibility of a few spare hooks or leaders in the pockets of the carve up of blue jeans but the theory grew tenuousAs to the possibility of fishing tackle concealed with in the sky-colored t-shirt, this was even less likely. Nevertheless I considered the enigma long and carefully, scanning every least curve of the thin material, reluctant to give up the search.While Gus is checking her style out he realizes that Eddy was pregnant and he needed to learn from her. He describes his sudden thirst for knowledge about Eddy as followsPage 150 She must be an exceeding person, well worth watching, well worth meeting, well worth thinking about, an exceptional fisherman, and I was, what I w as, I was learning, yes learning I was learning like crazy. Id never learned so much so fast beforeWatching Eddy fish, Gus absorbs a lot of in take formation that before was totally unseen to him. Not only about fishing, but about this woman and about himself, needing to learn from her. He says on page 152 I tangle for the first time that I was in the presence of a fishing genius exceeding my own. He is enthralled by her fishin... ... a mouse could piffle I just might see Eddy again.Along his journeys Gus comes across a writer for a newspaper article and made up a story to the over zealous, unskilled fisherman, who wrote about fishing. In the end of the article he put a note to Eddy.Page 217 Will the girl who ran form the guy who recited Izaak Walton I the tree please contact Gus on the other river he named. He has your rod cell and fish and wants to return them. He is totally harmless, but urges you to bring a loaded fun if frightened, as long as you come. Thank you.Through out his waiting and searching for Eddy he changes dramatically. He feels the need for his live to be fulfilled, and he strives for it by doing new things. He acquires a new load of friends and things from swapping, but he was sad for those who did not have what he could have and for other reasons.Page 221 also because I had so much to share, but nobody to share it with.Then Gus goes into making her a rod like her old one, but with improvements. Like a 14 foot pole, belly reel with a waist strap and some good line in it. The hope still lives on to see her once again and he is striving to make a good impression on Eddy this time.

Emily Dickinson and Her Poetry Essay -- Poem Dickinson Poetry Biograph

Emily Dickinson and Her PoetryEmily Dickinson is peerless of the great visionary poets of nineteenth century America. In her lifetime, she composed more(prenominal) poems than most new-made Americans will even read in their lifetimes. Dickinson is still praised today, and she continues to be taught in schools, read for pleasure, and studied for research and criticism. Since she stayed inside her house for most of her life, and many of her poems were not discovered until after her death, Dickinson was uninvolved in the publication process of her poetry. This means that every Dickinson poem in print today is just a generalisean assumption of what the reservoir wanted on the page. As a result, Dickinson maintains an aura of mystery as a writer. However, this mystery is often overshadowed by a more prevalent notion of Dickinson as an eccentric recluse or a madwoman. Of course, it is difficult to give one label to Dickinson and expect that label to summarize her correct life. Certai nly she was a complex woman who could not accurately be described with one sentence or phrase. Her poems are unique and quite interestingly composedjust spirit at them on the page is pleasurableand it may very well prove useful to examine the author when edition her poems. Understanding Dickinson may lead to a better interpretation of the poems, a better appreciation of her lifes work. What is not useful, however, is reading her poems while looking back at the one sentence summary of Dickinsons life.The notion of the author has often been disputed when it comes to critical literary studies. The argument centers around one basic question Should the author be considered when looking at a text? There are numerous reasons given as to why the author is important or why the ... .... Rutgers University Libraries. 19 Apr. 2005 .Keller, Lynn. An Interview with Susan Howe. Contemporary Literature 36.1 (1995) 1 34. Oates, Joyce Carol, ed. The Essential Dickinson. New York Harper Collins, 1996.Winhusen, Steven. Emily Dickinson and Schizotypy. The Emily Dickinson journal 13.1 (2004) 77-96.Works ConsultedGreen, Fiona. Plainly on the Other Side Susan Howes Recovery. Contemporary Literature 42.1 (2001) 78-101.Ickstadt, Heinz. Emily Dickinsons Place in Literary History or, the Public Function of a Private Poet. The Emily Dickinson Journal 10.1 (2001) 55-68.Ma, Ming-Qian. Poetry as History Revised Susan Howes Scattering as Behavior Toward Risk. American Literary History 6.4 (1994) 716-37.Miller, Cristanne. Whose Dickinson? American Literary History 12.1 (2000) 230-53.

The Ingenu Essay -- Essays Papers

The IngenuLe Connaissance Nouveau de LIngenuFrancios-Marie Arouets, assuming the pen-name of Voltaire, LIngenu is asatirical story that begins in 1689 when a ship of English merchants are comingto France to trade. This is when the Ingenu is stolon introduced. The Frenchare most intrigued by his appearance. Because of a picture believed to be thebrother and sister-in-law of the Abbe de Kerkabon and Mademoiselle de Kerkabon,the Kerkabons felt that they saw a resemblance and take him in as their nephew. This is only the beginning. With no set beliefs, the Huron comes to live withthese people of France and is taught to live as they do. Under appearinglyunfortunate circumstances, he becomes imprisoned and able to educate himself. He learns of the French society on a hands-on basis by feeling their cruelty. This claw of Nature symbolizes John Lockes blank tablet. The Ingenu, alsoknow as the Child of Nature, Becomes enlightened through his experiences withFrench society by having no prior worldly knowledge of his own, being taught bythe French, and disregarding everything they acquit taught him to learn forhimself the lessons of French society.The Child of Nature comes into the French society with no worldly knowledge ofhis own or beliefs. He is a spontaneous, curious issue Huron and is viewed asquite naive. The French feel that they can easily mold him into their society. All he has are his youthful charming looks, HE was hatless, and hoseless, andwore little sandals his clearance was graced with long plaits of hair and a shortdoublet clung to a trim and supple figure. He had a look about him that was atonce martial and loving (Voltaire, 190) and an awkward manner of beingcourteous to the Kerkabons all with such a simple, natural air that brother andsister both were charmed (Voltaire, 190). When asked countless questions, thetravelers practise would be very much to the point (Voltaire, 191). Instead ofin a roundabout way in which was inevitable if th eir roles are to be reversed. The Huron did not term of enlistment a hair (Voltaire, 191). But does speak his mind whenthe questions were coming too fast. He simply and clearly tells them,Gentlemen, where I come from, people take it in turns to speak (Voltaire,191). Upon questioning him, they find out that he has no particular religion. He ... ...Doubtless he was the most alarmed and upset of all, but he had versed to add discretion to all the happy gifts which nature had showered uponhim, and a ready sense of what is proper was beginning to dominate inhim(Voltaire, 249). He has learned of the horrors of the world. He shares inon the radical views of the time. After all of his adventures, big and small,he comes to the conclusion that an ill wind blows nobody any good(Voltaire,255).The Child of Nature becomes enlightened through his experiences with Frenchsociety by having no prior knowledge, being taught by the French, anddisregarding everything they have taught him to learn f or himself the lessons ofFrench society. He starts representing Lockes blank tablet which opens itselfto beliefs of any kind. This tablet is filled with the thoughts of the cruelFrench society. The Child of Natures enlightenment comes when he takes it uponhimself to erase the thoughts and beliefs on this tablet and fill it up with hisown. Voltaires LIngenu is just an example of a man becoming enlightened duringthe Age of Enlightenment. It classifies itself as a standard for other storiesof enlightenment.

Utopia on the Horizons of Time in Lukácss The Theory of the Novel Essa

Utopia on the Horizons of Time in Lukcss The Theory of the invigorated Time is a pivotal term in Georg Lukcss The Theory of the Novel for two reasons the texts time describes the time of the novel (the time d largeted in novels as described by Lukcs), but it also bears reflexively on the chronology, or the invoice of literary forms, which the text itself describes. These readings are not easily separable The Theory of the Novel must be read as a self-description, as a theoretical novel itself (as Freud called Moses and Monotheism), though one whose plot is closely the history of forms or the development of plot in human history. That is, two meanings of the titles double possessive must be sustained in a reading of this text we must look for theory at once about and within the novel, both described and prescribed by the novel. The first question posed by such a reading might be What is the plot of this novel about The Theory of the Novel? On cursory reading, it seems to be a lap sarian or nostalgic fable of the decline of the epic into the novel. The story it tells is certainly dominated by the refrain no longer and an appeal to the simplicity of origins and times gone by, a lament for the separation of meaning from life which marked the fall from the epic into the novel. But this simple chronology itself, this periodization, cannot be sustained The old parallelism of the transcendental structure of the form-giving subject and the world of created forms has been destroyed, and the ultimate basis of artistic creation has travel homeless. ...The novel form is, like no other, an expression of this transcendental homelessness. For the Greeks the fact that their history and the philosophy of history coincided ... ...tion that always keeps trying to embrace and adorn life though repulsed but it can at least be imagined, even acted upon, grounded in authentic, fruitful, and progressive opposition (22). As the author of The Theory of the Novel himself warned (12 3), it is a mistake either purely to romanticize or purely to ironize the youthful failure, for both views must be sustained at once the utopian and the despairing, the converse glance to the setting sun and the way toward a glimmer of dawn that just might be touching the horizon ahead. Works Cited Benjamin, Walter. The Storyteller. In Illuminations. Trans. rag Zohn. New York Schocken Books, 1968. Lukcs, Georg. The Theory of the Novel. Trans. Anna Bostock. Cambridge, Mass. MIT Press, 1971. Marx, Karl. The German Ideology. Trans. International Publishers. New York International Publishers, 1970.

Utopia on the Horizons of Time in Lukácss The Theory of the Novel Essa

Utopia on the Horizons of Time in Lukcss The possibleness of the Novel Time is a pivotal term in Georg Lukcss The Theory of the Novel for two reasons the texts time describes the time of the novel (the time depicted in novels as described by Lukcs), but it also bears reflexively on the chronology, or the history of literary forms, which the text itself describes. These readings are not easily separable The Theory of the Novel must be read as a self-description, as a theoretical novel itself (as Freud called Moses and Monotheism), though one whose fleck is near the history of forms or the development of plot in human history. That is, some(prenominal) meanings of the titles double genitive must be sustained in a reading of this text we must look for theory at formerly about and within the novel, both described and prescribed by the novel. The first question posed by such a reading might be What is the plot of this novel about The Theory of the Novel? On cursory reading, it seems to be a lapsarian or nostalgic fable of the decline of the epic into the novel. The story it tells is surely dominated by the refrain no longer and an appeal to the simplicity of origins and times gone by, a lament for the separation of meaning from life which mark the fall from the epic into the novel. But this simple chronology itself, this periodization, cannot be sustained The old parallelism of the transcendental structure of the form-giving subject and the world of created forms has been destroyed, and the ultimate basis of esthetical creation has become homeless. ...The novel form is, like no other, an expression of this transcendental homelessness. For the Greeks the fact that their history and the philosophy of history coincided ... ...tion that always keeps trying to shove and adorn life though repulsed but it can at least be imagined, even acted upon, grounded in authentic, fruitful, and progressive opposition (22). As the author of The Theory of the Novel himself wa rned (123), it is a mistake either purely to romanticize or purely to ironize the youthful failure, for both views must be sustained at once the utopian and the despairing, the backward glance to the setting sun and the way toward a glimmer of dawn that just might be touching the horizon ahead. whole kit and boodle Cited Benjamin, Walter. The Storyteller. In Illuminations. Trans. Harry Zohn. New York Schocken Books, 1968. Lukcs, Georg. The Theory of the Novel. Trans. Anna Bostock. Cambridge, Mass. MIT Press, 1971. Marx, Karl. The German Ideology. Trans. International Publishers. New York International Publishers, 1970.

Glengarry Glen Ross Essay

The majority of David Mamets critics give great focus or attention on the negative concepts and views of power, such as repression and forgeation. Mainly, this occurs in the analysis of the associations of power in the trade macrocosm in Glengarry Glen Ross (1983). A perspective that willing be considered in this paper is the investigation of the positivity of exercises of power. More particularly, it will deal on hu homo relationships which atomic number 18 kick in and crucial in David Mamets play. Foucauldian analytics of power comprehensively marks the American dream and the intricacy of function of power as headspring as the productive effects of power in Mametian business world. Despite the fact that David Mamet started writing plays after the year 1970, he was able to gain an influential and significant position in American literary. David Mamets triumph can be greatly attributed to several influences that honed his skills. When David Mamet was at the age of sixteen, h e admired Bob Sickinger. Sickinger intensely influenced his ideas of dramaturgy.However, Bob Sickinger who was believed to be the pioneer of lolly theatre was not the only one who had influenced David Mamet. When David Mamet attended school at the Goddard College in Vermont, he studied and trained in acting under the billing of Sanford Meisner. Meisner influenced David Mamets acting as well as his philosophy, by infusing into him the idea of practical and outward techniques, instead of the usual technique of internalization.After college, David Mamet was able to run several unglamorous tunes in real life. He experienced driving a taxi, working at a truck factory, and cleaning offices for a living. By the year 1969, he got another job. This time, he was assigned as an office manager, particularly at a real estate sales office. Consequently, it can be detect that nearly either characters in David Mamets plays belong to social classes exclusive of the high-class. In addition to t his, nearly all the sites of his plays and literary works are set generally in marginal places. For example, in Glengarry Glen Ross, the play is set in a real-estate office.The scenes at the beginning of the play in Glengarry Glen Ross create the dangerous, ego-threatening world that its salesmen inhabit (McDonough, 1963). The main characters, Aaronow, Moss, Lingk, Roma, Williamson and Levene, participate in degrading schemes selected for them to adjudge jobs. An older salesman, Shelley Levene, who was unsuccessful in attaining good revenues, cajoles, bullies, pleads and finally bribes his boss to grant him break leads (McDonough, 2006). Then, a discontented salesman, Dave Moss, campaigns to raid the sales office and acquire the leads by maneuvering the gullible George Aaronow to do the actual break-in. Lastly, top salesman Richard Roma astonishes and influences the avowing James nexus into buying material goods in exchange for Romas imaginary companionship.In David Mamets play , these salesmen effect their sales by giving a pretended structure. A measly house becomes a remedy to needs that go beyond than that for shelter. The irony is that, for all their skepticism, they are most energetic in their individual performances. They are also most sensitive about human need when they create the fictions intended to capitalize on that need. (Bercovitch et al., 1994).These salesmen seek to ensnare their customers in verbiage but are no less its victims themselves. In a particular scene in the play, Moss asks Aaronow if he is in or out, and further says that you branch me, youre out you take the consequences (Mamet, 1983). When Aaronow asked and why is that?, Moss capriciously responds because you listened (Mamet, 1983). From the conversation, one of them accuses his supposed friend of complicity because he listened (Bercovitch et al., 1994).In addition to this, irony exists because these salesmen must first examine those they would deceive before they can su cceed. As such, these salesmen become hypersensitive, like a confidence trickster who masquerades as a psychic. They also become compellingly precise because they are conscious of the desperation, the fear and the need that coerce their clients into their hands. Somehow, that shared knowledge starts to grant the material desires of their clients. In a discernible disagreement, those who can best connect dickens isolated stack are those who deploy the falsities of fiction (Bercovitch et al., 1994).The salesmen in Glengarry Glen Ross are charged for their deceptions. Deceptions of which they, too, are victims, but held close for their knowledge of an existing desire for institutionalize and connection. However, the salesmen remain unaware of the consequences because of the disparities in the language they use in the business world. In addition to this, they continue to be ignorant because of reality that is diminished by deceptions (Bercovitch et al., 1994).Once again, in contrary to the image which is sought by these salesmen to identify themselves, the image of women is introduced. In a particular scene, Levene advises Williamson at one point, a mans his job (Mamet, 1983). The apparent point is that doing a job is what makes a man it gives a man identity. Moreover, Levene stresses that if you dont shake the balls to do the job thusly youre a secretary (Mamet, 1983). Traditionally, secretarial jobs are performed by women. Or, as Roma exclaim to Williamson when the latter blows up a transaction, where did you learn your trade, you gaumless fucking cunt (Mamet, 1983). Then further says you idiot, who ever told you you could work with men? (Mamet, 1983).If the identity of man is identified base on his performance at work, then failures classify a worker as woman. In particular, it is the differentiation of these two closely prescriptive positions that suggests any sense of identity for these salesmen. And feminine is agreed a negative position. According to McDonough , it (feminine) is set up as the failure and lack that a man must overcome in order to establish and maintain his identity as a man (1963). On the contrary, this construct of male identity stays exceedingly questionable and is continuously exposed by the homogeneous antagonism that is thought to create it.The prevailing need of David Mamets male characters is for confirmation of their identity, for understanding, comfort, love and friendship. However, this need is neglected because of the fear that needing anything is a sign of impuissance and it is unmanly to be insecure in ones identity. Distrust of the world which the characters live produces this fear. Fear of infidelity in sexual relationships, friendship and business transactions results in distrust among everybody. In addition to this, distrust and fear lies in ones lack of confidence within the self (McDonough, 2996).To digest this, Stephen Shapiro in his study of masculinity argues that, male self- mistrust is caused by narcissism and reinforced by male silence, emotional inhibition and puerile attitudes and behavior (1984). He also adds that the sectionalisation inside men, in the male psyche, has the drastic social consequence of weakening trust in all other relationships (Shapiro, 1984). Moreover, that weakening of the bonds of trust in these relationships causes still further decay in male self-trust (Shapiro, 1984).In Shapiros view, it can be deduced that the characters Edmond, Bernie, Fox and Levene, are motivated by crazy uncertainty or lack of confidence regarding their manhood. According to McDonough, this is a sense of powerlessness that they seek to over-compensate for (1997). She also adds that it is a need to establish their manhood in the face of real or imagined challenges to it (McDonough, 1987).Most of the time, these challenges are personal, internal insecurities. Moreover, they are regularly protected onto the outside world oftentimes, onto women or else onto fellow sa lesmen, workers or friends. above all, David Mamets characters assume they have something to verify about themselves through competition with others. As a result, they are imprisoned in a vicious tone of antagonism that they cannot escape.Within Mamets plays, antagonism shows the standards of masculinity. Roma statesI swear its not a world of men. Machine, its a world of time watchers, bureaucrats, officeholders. Its a fucked up world. Theres no adventure to it. Dying breed. Yes it is. We are the members of a dying breed (Mamet, 1983).Masculinity can observed all throughout the play where salesmen refer to themselves as men. However, it should be noted that they are not referring to themselves of gender. Rather, it can be deduced that the salesmen are a involve order of people. As Roma reiterates that they are a dying breed.On the contrary, the clock watchers, bureaucrats, officeholders do not refer to true men. These machines take orders. The reputation which these people have does not strongly reflect their work. This can be observed in the likes of Williamson and Shelley Machine Levine. Williamson is a non-salesman while Levene is, according to Kane, more despicable than the arrogant top salesman (2004). They are considered to be despicable company men who serve simply as cogs in the corporate machine. Levines former success is frequently associated with inhumanity. David Mamet implies Levene determined his own destiny but did so mechanically.In some ways, Glengarry Glen Ross seems like a modernized and more mordant version of Arthur millers Death of a Salesman (1996). Shelley Levene in Glengarry Glen Ross, just like Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman is in the last stages of falling apart. He continues living in a largely inhuman world, one unreceptive to any but the majority of aggressive personalities. A product of this world is Levene, who has been an aggressor. However, now hes old, out of luck and hes being shown up in the competition. It start s to appear that perhaps he was never all that good anyway. As George affirms, he (Levene) has no money, very little pride left (and) his confidence is shattered (1994).Conceivably the most distinguished fictional salesman is Willy Loman, whose frustrated dreams ultimately divide his family and ruins him. His obstinate quest for success, together with an idealistic view of the world, results in his being done in largely due to the capitalist system. He ignores his emotional life in the certainty that the one purpose of the real-estate business was to generate money. Although he finds that success does not bring him the contentment he seeks. Willy Loman can be considered an archetypal salesman in literature, an unusual combination of both victim and oppressor whose demise is brought about by self-delusion and societal pressure (Dean, 1990).In Death of a Salesman, the American dream whitethorn be Willy Lomans vision of a house and successful children with families of their own. And like Willy, the salesmen in David Mamets play all have their American dreams, though it may be different. However, these salesmen dont dream of grand houses or successful children. Instead, they dream of the rich customer who will enable them to stop working for those who exploit them. They also dream continually of success. Though similarly, as a whole, both Arthur Miller and David Mamet point out the disappointments and failures of the American dream myth and the vindictiveness in capitalistic society.For numerous cohorts of writers who have assessed the American Dream, the salesman has been a symbol of its shortcomings. Indeed, being a salesman can lead to great wealth and that it is the means for a normal man to make good by complete hard work. On the other contrary, this is not the characteristic that such writers choose to accentuate. To these people, as Dean affirms, is a society that advocates this kind of self-improvement is a consumer society based on materialism (Dean, 1 990). It has, at its heart, an worthlessness that can never be assuaged by as yet additional money in the bank.The salesmen gain enthusiasm from the promise of happiness and gratification in return for material success. Their clients too are as more than a part of the capitalist hegemony where their purchase is their symbol of material success. The salesmen invest these purchases with remarkable, life-enhancing properties that embrace the guarantee of a better future. However, the truth is not the same(p). In the same way as the salesmens endless quest for unauthentic success is basically a chimera. The goods which they sell are quite insignificant. For that reason, the salesmen are taking return of those who, like them, must dream and think of a brighter future (Dean, 1990).Stafford in Visions of a Promised Land stops short of an allegorical reading of Glengarry Glen Ross. Though, he does present the thought-provoking question that Aaronow, Levene and Moss are older Jewish men w ho may possibly be celebrated with Old Testament figures. Stafford also proposes that they have been stipendiary attention to the real estate business partly by their personal searches for a promised land (1996).Ricky Roma, Mitch and Murray are more likely to be gentiles (Stafford, 1996) associated both with moderate Rome (in Romas case) and latter-day Christian entrepreneurial types. On the other hand, the frequent allusions to Old Testament figures and the motif of land for sale imply, Stafford believes, that the division of the conflict into old versus new, age versus youth beliefs, gives a sense of historical perspective (1996). Moreover, these ancient traditions have been replaced with a modern day religion based on greed, deceit and spiritual bankruptcy (Stafford, 1996).Similarly, in Weasels and Wisemen, Leslie Kane concurs that the playwright utilizes allusions to archetypal biblical characters such as the Levites, Moses and Aaron. She adds that there is as a link amongst ancient and modern worlds, values, aspirations and spirituality (Kane, 1999). Yet it is apparent that insensitive business corporation has, in a sense, changed ancient Judaic ideas of moral and social responsibilities. As a result, the characters in Mamets play are caught in a moral predicament. They are rapped between their craving to acquire the land or grasp from its sale and their longing for old value systems.David Mamets job is to create a closed moral universe and to leave an evaluation of the characters behavior to the audience. He means the evaluation to be difficult rather than easy and for the audience to squirm on the hook. As Mamet has said in Decay Some Thoughts for Actors, we need not fall victim to the liberal fallacy of assuming that because we can perceive a problem we are, de factor, not part of the problem (1986).According to an consultation made by David Savran with David Mamet, Savran asks why the subtext is always about power, buying and selling (1988). Mame t responds why not? and defends it by saying I guess most American literature, the American literature that I love, that I grew up on, is about business (and) thats what America is about (Savran, 1988).In the point of view of David Mamet, the American monastic order is composed of human life based on business. When Mamet proposed the delineation of the difficult business world, he demonstrated the import of human community as well as the inevitability of conflicts among people (Wan-Ling, 2000). Whereas, the myth of the American Dream aims to persuade the audience or the salesmen that everybody has an equal opportunity to attain his success, on top of all material success.On the other hand, David Mamet aimed to expose the reality that part of such myth brings not only a possibility of the conflict on benefits among people but also that of the blur of boundaries between businessmanship and friendship (Wan-Ling, 2000). In Glengarry Glen Ross, the functions and effects of power due to the needs and interests of its characters are carefully revealed. Instead of simply presenting his observations on the exercise of power, David Mamet also indicated a reflection of the ruthlessness and gracelessness of the business world. More specifically, as an American playwright, David Mamet manifested in his play the realistic and materialistic American business world.Through Foucauldian analytics of power, it can be realized that the salesmen in Glengarry Glen Ross are not, in the essence, destined to be repressed by the capitalistic system, nor by their colleagues. They have the choice and the ability to resist, which would dominantly bring them to a higher hierarchy in the business world. In essence, David Mamet adduces the business world in Glengarry Glen Ross for highlighting the distortion of relationships in human community (Wan-Ling, 2000). Hence, it can be deduced that it is the characters who trap themselves. Moreover, it is the human beings who cause this distortion. And for this reason, David Mamet achieves his purpose of reminding the actualities of human relationships to his readers.ReferencesBercovitch, S., Carswell, C. H., & Patell, C. R. K. (1999). The Cambridge History of American Literature. United Kingdom The Press family of the University of Cambridge.Bigsby, C. W. E. (2004). The Cambridge Companion to David Mamet. United Kingdom The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.Dean, A. (1990). David Mamet Language as Dramatic Action. New Jersey Associated University Presses.George, K. (1994). Playwriting The First workinghop. USA Butterworth-Heinemann.Kane, L. (1999). Weasels and Wisemen Ethics and Ethnicity in the Works of David Mamet. New York St. Martins.Kane, L. (2004). The Art of Crime The Plays and Films of Harold Pinter and David Mamet. New York Routledge.King, K. (2001). Modern Dramatists. New York Routledge.Mamet, D. (1983). Glengarry Glen Ross A Play. New York Grove Press.Mamet, D. (1986). Decay Some Thoughts for Action s. New York Viking.McDonough, C. J. (1963). Staging Masculinity manlike Identity in Contemporary American Drama. North Carolina McFarland and Company, Inc., Publishers.Miller, A. (1996). Death of a Salesman. New York Penguin Classics.Savran, D. (1988). In Their Own Words Contemporary American Playwrights. New York line of business Communications Groups.Shapiro, S. A. (1984). Manhood A New Definition. New York G.P. Putnams Sons.Stafford, T. J. (1996). David Mamets Glengarry Glen Ross Text and Performances. New York Garland.Wan-Ling, C. (2000). Theatre of Power. Taiwan National Sun Yat-Sen University.

Understand How to Plan and Provide Environments and Services

1. 1 DESCRIBE THE FACTORS TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT WHEN PLANNING HEALTHY AND rubber eraser INDOOR AND OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENTS AND SERVICES Teaching staff sport a duty of c ar when looking after children. It is important that they argon aware of governance lawmaking regarding health and safety and the schools own Health and Safety (H&S) policy in regards to take chancess and hazards so that they know what to look turn up for and what to do in the case of an incident or accident whether indoors or come ondoors.When working with children and young people staff should always light upon sure that areas are fit for purpose prior to any learning or play activity this means making sure a risk assessment is carried out to expose potential risks or situation where children / or adults could have an accident. Should a teaching assistant spot a potential risk then they should make sure that this is dealt with immediately or if necessary logged into an incident book for the caretaker/IT technici an to deal with e. . computer cables moved out of the way and reorganised into a cable tidy, or a potential fire hazard dealt with such as paper removed from bins that were in close proximity to computer wires. Other hazards to look out for Indoor potential risks chairs are put away under the tables teaching equipment is stored safely away that there is natural light in the room no blinds are down there is space for moving around items are picked up off the floor and put away no c caboodlehes or anything left lying on the floor to be ro social functionped over there is adequate heating or ventilation so it is not too tropical or cold no sharp corners or edges especially on tables no substances hazardous to health lying around e. g. chemicals such as whitener or those used in acquisition labs foodstuffs that can cause allergic reactions e. g. peanuts fire exits are clear from blockages such as boxes etc. no broad wires to trip over or bare wire ends which could electrocute chil dren have correct footwear and clothing e. g. lab coats and goggles in a science class/plimsolls in a PE lesson to give adequate protection in the setting It is very easy for young children who move around the classroom readily and who arent aware of risks to trip over things or knock into chairs or even each other. This is make more acute when they rushing to outside at break or are hungry and want their lunch or want to leave when it is going home time.In this instance going off in 2s or 3s will be easier than a large group. As space can be tight in schools (especially in cities with classrooms being smaller) with any available space used, it is even more important to make sure that pathways around tables and in and out of the classroom are clear for ease of access and to inform the risk of accidents. It is as well easy for staff to bump into tables and chairs when trying to circumnavigate obstacles, especially when in a hurry.Staff should also be aware of risks to parents who come into the classrooms (especially in reception and year 1) when it is drop off or pick up time, for example if someone is pregnant, as the risk to the mother and the unborn child can be greater due to the mother not being able to steady themselves as easily if they trip over something. In dining halls foodstuffs containing peanuts are not allowed on site either in lunch boxes or in school dinners and children are not allowed to share their food in case anyone suffers from a food allergy which may result in a food allergy or an anaphylactic shock.Most schools have trained staff who are able to use an Epipen in the case of such an incident and have statement which indicates what is the allergy, how it manifests itself, what symptoms will appear and what should be done in the case of an emergency. (See attached sheet on Anaphylaxis Emergency Plan 1. 1b). The Health and Safety Executive have issued the following guidance Medicines legislation restricts the administration of injectabl e medicines.Unless self-administered, they may only be administered by or in accordance with the instructions of a doctor (e. g. by a nurse) The use of an Epipen to treat anaphylactic shock falls into this category. Therefore, first aiders may administer an Epipen if they are dealing with a life threatening emergency in a casualty who has been prescribed and is in possession of an Epipen and where the first aider is trained to use it. (HSE) www. muir-walker. coop/training/anaphylaxis-and-epipens Accessed 29/11/12 Outdoor potential risks do sure that perimeter fencing around the school is adequate e. g. no holes or broken and gates are secure Slippery/wet leaves zipper in the way for children and toddlers to trip over on the way in Making sure climbing frames such as Trim Trail have no potential hazards from insecure rope ladders etc. Sandpits and water areas must be covered when not in use Children using skipping ropes should be made aware of the risks to others when using skippin g ropes An example of how difficult it can be to minimise risk is in the case of XXXX Primary School who have tried to minimise the risks of any accidents happening by asking parents (via newsletter) not to let their children play or run around the school or climb apparatus when time lag to pick up siblings, in case of accidents.This is difficult to achieve as everyone involved has to be on board and with toddlers and young children there is a lot of space to have fun in. In addition, there are no clear warnings in sight and only a few parents take care of this allowing their children to have freedom in the playground unfortunately the potential for an accident occurring out of class time is still there.

Accepting Personal Responsibility – Essay

Chapter 2 Accepting Personal Responsibility There is great value in perceiving ourselves as the primary creators of the outcomes and experiences of our lives. At the very least, we be responsible for how we respond to any event, whether the event is of our creation or not. When academic outcomes and experiences are negative, many students blame others, often teachers. When academic outcomes and experiences are positive, many students address others. Since the cause of their results is seen as existing outside of themselves, these students have no reason to evaluate and possibly change their own behaviors.Students like this typically wait for the mankind to change while they complain, blame, make excuses, and repeat ineffective behaviors. They may even blame themselves, all the while thinking there is nothing they can do to change their fate. By offering students the opportunity to see how their own choices contribute to their past, present, and future outcomes, we empower them to approach life with the beliefs and behaviors of a power, thus giving up the passivity and bitterness of a Victim.Empowers Students to . . . 1. Accept a Creator role, taking responsibility for creating the outcome and experiences of their lives (including their education), and reject the Victim role, giving up complaining, blaming, excusing, and paralyzing self-judgment. 2. Master Creator language, understanding that Creators and Victims choose different ways of thinking and speaking about their experiences, consequently changing both their perceptions of reality and the outcomes that they create. . Live more(prenominal) consciously, becoming more aware of their inner aspectsInner Critic, Inner Defender, and Inner Guide, among othersand the corresponding inner dialogue that dictates students subsequent actions. 4. Make wise choices by consciously recognizing important end points in their lives, identifying all possible options at this point, and making decisions with awareness of their future consequences. 5.Make mature decisions, choosing to make long-term gain more important than immediate frolic or immediate escape from discomfort. 6. Replace outer authority with inner authority, and resistance with cooperation. 7. Gain greater control over the outcomes of their lives. Engaging students in the geographic expedition of JOURNAL ENTRIES, CASE STUDIES, ONE STUDENTS STORY, EMBRACING CHANGE, ON COURSE AT WORK, QUOTATIONS, CARTOONS, FOCUS QUESTIONS, CHAPTER-OPENING CHARTS and STUDY SKILLS.

Shakespeare’s presentation of the Courtly World of Messina in the play’s opening acts

The concept of the courtly world goes beyond the mere setting of the royal court and is largely presented as a life style, especially with regards to romance. This idea has transcended time, with Chaucers Canterbury Tales depicting a similar courtly world in the Knights tale, a chronicle that possessed broadly similar characters to Much Ado About Nothing. This world is set firmly in a period where the monarchy was the centre of English life. This, perhaps, explains why some aspects, especially the apparent degradation of wo hands until they become objects, are somewhat uncomfortable for modern readers as our liberal society get winds this as sexist, far from a Victorian audiences view that this was normal life.The structure of the play is instru mental in establishing the recurring themes of a courtly world, nearly notably the stratified and patriarchal structures that operate in this setting. This is most obvious from the dramatis personae, with its order beginning with men at the top and women at the bottom highlighting the gender roles indoors the courtly world and love itself as it is men who essentially do the courting. This idea is alluded to in the war-like scenes of take her hearing pris 1r as war is usually the domain of men and by referring to love as a battlefield, it is therefore inferred that love is the domain of men, with the reference to a woman as a prisoner reinforcing the passive, helpless female role. This point is further emphasized by the fact that most scenes are initiated by a male as this establishes the idea that men come first and are the dominant presence, a concept that is perpetuated through this courtly world.The form is repeatedly used to reinforce the features of the courtly world to the audience. cosmosness a play, the dominant role of men is highly apparent though their overrepresentation in the dialogue, nowhere more so than in conversations with Hero. Her lack of a receipt to Speak, cousin or if you cannot, stop hi s mouth with a kiss encapsulates the idea that women werent valued for their opinions, but merely their sexuality as a wife and childbearer as the kiss suggests Hero can only if communicate with men though sexual appeal rather than her intelligence or personality. Ironically, despite being outspoken, Beatrice is only able to do so by adopting masculine traits much(prenominal) as the scorner of love persona emulated by Benedick. The mere fact that the only way that Beatrice is able to speak up is through being one of the guys reinforces the idea that it was unnatural for a woman of the courtly world to be systematic as it was a trait primarily associated with men.The language used, in itself, is largely representative of the features of the courtly world. The men, in dampicular, use witty, almost poetry like phrases, such as My visor is Philemons roof within the house is Jove/ Speak low if you speak love. This passage is almost in ballad form, which, being the poetry of love, reinforces the romance associated with the courtly world. The fact, however, that such poetic language is used, is somewhat representative of the idea that the courtly world is a fantastical aspiration for most people as, like poetry, it is the construct of an individuals imagination and is not really representative of real life. The masquerade ball, talk of which dominates much of the first part of the play, further encapsulates this idea. I say this because the idea of dissembling is highly apparent in the ball and dissembling is not too far from the idea that the view portrayed of the people, like the courtly world, is mainly a construct, yet underneath, the reality is a lot less perfect than the what audience actually sees.The main feature of the courtly world appears to be power as this idea recurs in many ways throughout the play. The witty language used by the men is not only symbolic of the constructed courtly world, but is used mainly a tool for them to show off and gain po wer over one another. The same can be said for the structure as the dramatis personae is essentially a power list going in descending order. What is most evoke about this, however, is the fact that women are always at the bottom which suggests that this is less about power than it is playing to gender roles where men are required to aver themselves, just as woman are required to remain passive. This idea would sit at odds with a modern audience, as our post-feminism society finds shift with everything that separates men and women into gender roles and this patriarchal courtly world would be considered highly sexist in our modern day.

Ab105 Organizational Behavior Critical Thinking

AB105 Organizational Behavior Critical Thinking The Management of Organizational Justice By Russell Cropanzano, David E. Bowen, and Stephen W. Gilliland Summary of the key issues This paper has addressed the organizational legal expert from various aspects and provided recommendations to call forth the fairness in the managerial activities. Firstly, it has discussed the importance of justice in work free radical from its long benefits, social and ethical considerations.Secondly, the authors analyzed the three components of organizational justice, namely distributive, procedural and interactional justice in details to highlight the differences between the three in business activities. Next, the paper summarized the influences of organizational justice and these include kindled trust and commitment, improved job performance, more helpful organizational citizenship behavior, as well as greater customer satisfaction and loyalty.Lastly, after identifying the critical significance of organizational justice in building a companys identity element, recommendations on how to enhance the fairness in managerial activities are proposed. The authors had cited examples from several past studies and discussed from five angles which are hiring, performance appraisal, reward systems, conflict management and downsizing. Other Theoretical Perspectives on Organizational Justice This paper has mentioned the equity guess which is one of the earliest theories of justice brought by Aristotle. This theory emphasizes that stack should be paid in balance to their contributions.Nevertheless, equity theory focuses more on the distributive justice. Through careful research, at that place are other perspectives and positions on this issue. pallidness heuristic theory Fairness heuristic theory is concerned with how people react to outcomes of their authorities, and confuses some predictions concerning the relationship between perceived fairness of procedures, perceived fairness of outcomes and acceptance of outcomes. This theory highlighted that employees would make decisions about others trustworthiness. It also discussed whether one can avoid exploitation by using available information.Uncertainty management theory Uncertainty management theory assumed that people manage suspicion by using fairness for instance, receiving information on the reliability of an authority figure may reduce uncertainty about unjust treatment in the future and alleviate doubt about the outcome of a possible figure. Uncertainty theory has explained why people care about justice and how they form justice judgment. This theory has relevant implications as information on managerial decisions should be provided to gain the trust from the employees to enhance procedural justice. Group engagement theoryThis model explains why and how procedural justice shapes cooperation in groups, organizations and societies. It has established a link between justice and deal via its several hypothe ses, such as the importance of procedures in shaping ones social identity within a group, and the impact of this social identity on his attitudes, values and behaviors. Group engagement theory has provided insights in organizational justice as managers should treat people fairly to win their corporation. Evidence estimate In general, the evidence provided in this paper is reliable and well-established.The key issues of the article such as importance of organizational behavior and recommendations on fairness body of work enhancement are thoroughly discussed. The authors had researched over a wide pool of studies across a time span of 20 years, ensuring the relevance, accuracy and sufficiency of the data. Nonetheless, there are some minor limitations. First of all, little evidence was demonstrated to post the discussion on prescriptive and subjective justice, with mere definition of the two, which in turn affects the completeness of the analysis on organizational justice managemen t.Secondly, the authors mentioned about the external equity in affecting reward system, but no proof was offered to support the claim on the influence on the disparity of salaries from the external marketplace. Lastly, although this paper has detailed coverage on the improved employee organizational behavior by establishing organizational justice, it only focuses on the procedural justice and this coverage is insufficient in my viewpoint.Other research suggest that all the three types of organizational justice confuse direct relationships on enhancing citizenship behavior as trust appears to be an important mediating variable (Konovsky and Pugh, 1994). Organizational justice enhances employee trust, which in turn stimulates the display of citizenship behavior. Assumption depth psychology Several assumptions are identified in the analysis of this paper. This paper assumes that self interest motives favor equity and people across different age groups, genders, races and tuition le vels give perceive justice similarly (which might not be necessarily valid).Another underlying assumption in the managerial activities is that decision makers will treat the employees with genuineness while undertaking the recommended measures, because the absence of the sincerity will make the employees feel disrespected and manipulated. The influence of different contexts plays a key role in organizational justice as it will affect ones justice perceptions. Out of all the variables, gender and culture are the main factors. Studies bring forth shown that males major concern in reward allocation was protecting their own interests while females interests lie on maintaining the welfare of all group members.Furthermore, in a society with emphasis on collectivism, members emphasized more on particularistic principle of need or social status dissemination instead of equity, as compared to societies based on individualism. Conclusions, Implications and Consequences This article has pro vided a detailed understanding of organizational justice. In conclusion, injustice in an organization will throw problems, leading to inefficiency and unproductivity while justice acts will provide excellent business opportunities and maintain respect and trust within organizations.Therefore, it is advisable to put in efforts in improving distributive, procedural and interactional justice simultaneously in managerial activities. Furthermore, managers could also apply different organizational justice measures according to employees various justice perceptions which vary with genders and cultures, in order to reap the maximum benefits from exercising organizational justice in a workplace. (Word count 1019 words)

Gender Roles in Children’s Literature

Everything we read constructs us, makes us who we argon, by reconcileing our image of ourselves as girls and women, as boys and men M. flurry It is a well known fact that childrens literature holds an important authority in the development of teen children. It has the power to teach, offer meaning and act purpose all while being entertaining. Childrens literature is a widely available resource that offers children a plentitude of insightful cultivation. Within the pages childrens books lies an immense resource of tools that aid in the development of character for children, and conveys. sex activity is an important aspect of development and is a commonly explored theme in childrens literature. Children turn a profit information from many sources much(prenominal) as teachers, family and friends, but they also gain it from literature. Like in all(prenominal) culture the roles of sex activity in America be an important part of its culture. Gender Identity is a crucial part of a childs development because it helps children to date stamp themselves in relation to others. A child develops their sense of sexual activity at a very early age, for most children sex identity begins to develop between 18 and 30 months.After a child has developed their sense of gender they begin to realize that gender is stabile girls grow up to run low woman and boys grow up to become men. By the term a child is the age of four or five they keep back come to prefer participating and playing in activities that atomic number 18 defined by companionship as gender appropriate. It is during childhood that children begin to fall victim of stereotypical behaviors. For example girls refusing to play with trucks or wear chuff because it is not considered feminine by golf club. Lawrence Kohlberg an American Psychologist let outlines the stages of gender development.Kohlberg outlines gender development in three stages. The first being Gender labeling, in this stage children p oint others as male or female based on physical appearance. The second stage is when children begin to recognize that gender is stable over time gender stability. And the third stage is gender consistency children understand that gender is permanent. But what influences children to know whats appropriate for their gender? The answer may be found in a opening known as Gender Schema. The Gender Schema is a psychological theory that explains how children develop their gender roles.This theory suggests that children learn about male and females roles from the society in which they live in. This theory also suggests that children adjust their gender behaviors to conform to the gender expectations of their culture. Children acquire cultural information about their gender roles from a variety of sources p bents, teachers, family, media and literature. Through literature children are exposed to characters that outline the expect behaviors for each gender. Children take the information give n to them and because try to conform themselves to what is expected of them.Because of this children are unable to know their full potential, forcing them to abide within their given roles. Since the beginning of time gender has defined ones role in society. Like class, race and ethnicity, gender shapes just about every part of our lives. (Macions pg 90). Society places roles and expectations for each gender that are played in out in every aspect of life home, school, work, playgrounds and literature. As children develop they are subjected to messages from society, which helps them to gain understanding of the world around them and molds them into their given roles.The way, in which gender roles are portrayed in childrens literature, significantly contributes to the development of childrens gender roles and how they are perceived by society. It is important to teach children about gender roles since it is something that society holds in regards, but most of the time in literature it is done unequally. The portrayal of gender in literature is based off of the expectations of society and places twist on gender. Boys are portrayed as strong, adventurous, independent and capable and often play the roles of fighters, adventurers and rescuers.Girls are portrayed as sweet, naive, dependent, sensitive and emotional and play roles such as caretakers, princesses and mothers. The roles of gender portrayed in literature are often a reflection of the views of society and do not offer objective insight. indeed far though it is important to teach children about gender roles, the fashion in which it is done in does not allow children to see beyond those expectations. If a young girl is constantly read stories about a womans role as a housewife, homemaker and mother, she volition assume thats what is expected of her and will not know society will allow her to be anything she wants to be.Gender roles in childrens literature are linked to gender stereotypes. Gender stereot ypes have always been a part of society and are seen in almost every aspect of life. Stereotypes are defined as exaggerated descriptions applied to every person in the same category. (Macions p. 72). For every ethnic, racial and gender category society places stereotypes to describe certain groups of people. Gender stereotypes in childrens literature are portrayed in the traits, role behaviors, physical characteristics, and occupations of characters in childrens literature.The common messages in childrens literature about gender put emphasis on the traditional roles of men and woman. alas traditional roles are often unequal and place males as dominant over woman. Traditional gender encompasses the concept of maleness and femininity. In many countries around the world, the traditional roles of gender are greatly rankd. The traditional role of gender places woman as the homemakers and men as the provider. Girls are always shown as passive and girls are always shown as being active. (BookStove. com).With such emphasis on tradition, childrens literature does not allow children to see past the stereotypical expectations of society. It is no wonder why gender inequality in childrens literature is so prevalent when society places unequal views upon gender. Unfortunately much of the childrens literature today contains gender stereotypes as previously discussed. One would most likely assume that this is something of the past but it is as present today as it was in past decades. A reason for this could be that Gender-role development is one of the most important areas of human development (Noppe).Since gender roles are an important aspect of development for children, it is a significant topic in literature. However in the majority of childrens books the main characters are predominantly male, thus limiting opportunities for girls to identify with and validate their own gender. The male gender has been the dominant of the two sexes since the beginning of time, which explains why male characters are dominant in childrens books. The majority of childrens books have a male as the main character, leaving females with the minority of literary experiences aimed for them. In an analysis of childrens book titles by S.Ernst it was found that male names represented nearly twice as often as female names (Tsao). Ernst also found that books that had gender in variant and girls names were actually about boys. Gender roles and stereotypes force young children to conform to traditional stereotypes regarding gender. Because of this, boys feel pressured to live up to the standards of masculinity while girls feel pressured to be feminine. Gender based beliefs are incorporated into a majority of literature written for children. Even though the stereotypical divide between males and females is not a large as it was 40 years ago, it is still present today. When they are repeatedly given stereotypical messages, their choices of what they want to become or accomplish is exceptional by these gender stereotypes (Bookstove. com). Today both males and females are doctors, soldiers, teachers, athletes, government leaders, stay at home parents and much more, however this is not fully represented in childrens literature. Females in childrens literature are all too often portrayed in a narrow and biased way (Bookstove. com). all over the past few decades societal changes in gender roles have lead the stereotypical beliefs of gender to represent something different than what it used to.With so many changes in the views of society you would think that childrens literature would reflect these changes but all too often they do not. And most often the books that do challenge the beliefs of society draw great controversy causing them to be put on the back burner in favor of more traditional childrens books. The stereotypical roles of gender that are portrayed in childrens literature have been the cause of much controversy in recent years. However a solutio n to therapeutic the abundance of gender stereotypes in literature has not yet been reached.It is believed that the ideas of masculinity and femininity are too deeply embedded in society reservation it especially difficult to change. Every aspect of society is shadowed with stereotypical beliefs that are perceived through media, advertising, literature and socialization. These models are a constant promise that exploits gender stereotypes. According to Bookstove. com, guidelines were implemented in an attempt to eliminate sexist roles in childrens literature. These guidelines were expected to encourage a healthier development of gender for young children but unfortunately did not persist to combat the situation.Thus making it evident, that stereotypes are too deeply rooted in society. It will be arouse to see how the issue pans out over the coming decades. Gender identity is a crucial part of a childs development and will most likely remain a common theme amongst childrens liter ature. The views of gender depicted in literature may prevent children from participating in activities that would best suit their capabilities and personalities. It is important to understand and learn the expectations of society but childrens literature does not fully allow children to develop concepts of individuality.Today society places value on individuality and does not limit life chances to certain genders, but this is all too often not shown in childrens literature. In score to help children in the process of gender identity one must realize that children need chances to interpret the world around them without the insight and beliefs of society. Hopefully in time childrens literature will steer away from the stereotypical beliefs of gender and focus on non-traditional gender roles, allowing children to see themselves in many different aspects.Works Cited Macions, John J. Social Problems. New York Pearson, 2008. Noppe, Illene C. social. jrank. org. 1 December 2010 . Tsao, Y a-Lun. Gender Issues in Young Childrens Literature. Reading Improvement (2008). Unknown. 12 3 2007. Bookstove. com. 5 December 2010 . Gender Development Gender Schema Theory. Encyclopedia of Women and Gender Sex Similarities and Differences and the Impact of Society on Gender. Oxford Elsevier Science Technology, 2001. Credo Reference. Web. 06 December 2010. Fox, M. (1993). Men who weep, boys who dance The gender agenda between the lines in childrens literature. Language Arts, 70 (2), 84-88. EJ457107.

Internet Gambling: The Rationale and Reasons Behind Its Existence Essay

The network has brought a lot of changes in the society straight off. It makes life much easier to deal with, makes transactions faster and makes communication easier to reach. The internet has contributed to the development of a country. It has contributed to the success of many business establishments. It has brought many high-tech gadgets and applications.However, the internet also brought disadvantages to mankind. It has made so many illegal acts hi-tech as well. Stealing for nonpareil is very rampant in the internet. Hacking web post information and databases is another. Software piracy increases through time. Time and again, this technology has been both an advantage and a disadvantage to mankind.In the twenty-first century, the internet has become the an easy tool for disseminating information of all sorts, a means of interaction between individuals and their data processors wherever they are located and regardless of their riches and stature. Businesses slowly emerge thr ough the use of internet for users find it comfortable.One of the most common and old businesses in history is gambling, and with internet, gambling seemed to appear benevolent to some internet users. It is known that the first online casino was founded on August 18, 1995 where it had eighteen various casino games, online accession to National Indian Lottery and an network Sports Book. (Basu, 2006)Internet gambling has had its effects on the society. It increases gambling addiction, gambling by minors, crimes and several threats on sporting contests. Moreover, cheating is very rampant in online casinos which includes the site owner failed to pay the winners, the site owner failed to return the money paid to them which were never gambled and the site just disappear bringing with them the money from the investors. (Basu, 2006)d. It is of importance that the presidential term and all parent must pay attention to this problem. Not only does it increase crime rate and dishonesty but it also attracts minor internet users. Since internet now is just within reach, most families have acquired it at home which means children, as early as their young age, have access to the internet. With this, everything is possible even internet gambling.II. Internet Gambling The Problem in the 21st Centurya. Internet gambling is very prevalent in todays modern world. As mentioned in the previous item, this illegal activity is no longer throttleed to adult internet users but to minors as well. Parents, having the full responsibility over their children, must be able to explain to them how and when the internet is used. Parents must be more attentive now to what the children do. Parents must restrict their children on opening websites which might lead them to knowing internet gambling and other illegal activities through over the web.b. Internet gamblers help to create neurotic gamblers. There are those who have a hard time restricting themselves from playing at a casino. And it is even harder for them to resist stopping playing when it is done online. There are internet gamblers who always say I will play one more time, and then Ill stop. But this rehearsal has already been abused for it has never applied. On the other hand, internet gambling sites give internet gamblers the opportunity to gamble as much money as they want since comfort of playing is on their side. (Berkovich, 2006)c. Generally, online gamblers now are younger than those personally gambling at casinos since younger people are more computer savvy than the older ones. In a research done by American Psychological Association in March 2002, it was found out that every one of the 389 respondents had tried gambling at some point in their lives. 90% gambled the previous year, 42% gambled the previous week, 8% gambled online in their lifetime and 4% gambled weekly. In addition, it was found out that the younger respondents were more likely to gamble online compared to the older respondents. Onli ne gamblers age average at 31.7 years than 43.5 years for traditional gamblers. (http//www.libraryindex.com/pages/1620/Internet-Gambling-EFFECTS-ONLINE-GAMBLING.html)

Demontration Speech

Demonstration Speech Outline Title Best Mexican Guacamole circumvent Specific purpose To present you all to one of the best Guacamole recipes to of enter your life. Thesis Guacamole is simple to perk up and most of all healthy. I. Introduction A. Attention materials Did you know that Guacamole dates back to the Aztecs. They were particularly fond of it because of its high fatten content. But dont be alarmed The avocado contains good fat you want co-ordinated into your body. B. Tie to the audience Oh and the best part are its nutritional facts.For all you ladies who enjoy counting your calories. I bet it will put a smile on your face to know that this only contains almost 190 calories. C. Credibility material This Guacamole is so good, thats every time there is a family incident or party, I am expected to bring the Guacamole. I dont even stick asked anymore. I guess I just have that touch. D. Preview There are only triple very simple steps in the making of this tasty snack. Wh ich involve the following, 1. Mashing the aguacate. 2. Mixing the ingredients. 3. Serving itII. embody A. The first step is to gather your ingredients. You will need, 1. 2 large Avocados 2. 2 tbsps of Onions 3. 2 tbsps of Tomatoes 4. 2 tbsps of Jalapenos 5. 2 tbsps of Cilantro 6. Salt 7. Lime 8. Tortilla chips B. Your second step is to gently mash the Avocados with a fork until underslung smooth in a bowl. C. The third step involves mixing all of your ingredients in the bowl. 1. Pour 1 tablespoon of Onions into the bowl containing the mashed Avocados, and mix. 2. Pour 1 tablespoon of Tomatoes into the bowl, and mix. 3.Pour 1 tablespoon of Jalapenos into the bowl, and mix. 4. Pour 1 tablespoon of Cilantro into the bowl, and mix. 5. Sprinkle some salt into the bowl, adjust seasoning to taste. 6. Squirt ? of a lime, to prevent Avocado from turning brown. D. Serve the Guacamole with Mexican style tortilla chips, and enjoy III. Conclusion A. Final Review Today you conditioned how to make a delicious Mexican style Guacamole following three easy steps. 1. Mash the Avocados until chunky smooth. 2. Mixing all of you ingredients into a bowl. 3. Serve it with Mexican Style Tortilla Chips. B.Tie back to the audience Now that summer is coming, everyone is trying to get rid of those extra pounds they gained during the holidays and watch what they eat. Well, most of the ingredients in this Guacamole are vegetables. Which make us that much less guilty to enjoy it. C. Concluding remarks So next time you have a craving for something yummy and healthy, make yourself a Mexican Style Guacamole dip. It never fails to satisfy. Work Cited http//www. food. com/recipe/guacamole-real-authentic-mexican-guac-135048 http//guacamole-recipe. pull in/simple-and-quick-guacamole-recipe-with-pictures/

Mandigo Should Kids Play Tackle Football? Essay

Footb both is a contact version a fast-paced, hard-hitting game. It is the number one lark ab tabus Ameri behinds cognise. The American football extenders in the NFL started off extending the sport they love at a young period. As of 2015, 1.23 million boys from the ages of six to twelve, played football as their sport. close to of Americas youth boys go into playing football with the mindset of excelling into the NFL. However, they should be aware of the dangerous repercussions that will follow spot playing football. Every week thousands of men and boys across the country fulfill part in football and every week these men and boys receive violent hits during the game. Frequently, because of these violent hits, the player receives a concussion. However, the long-term effects of concussions on players are not fully at a lower placestood. New research shows that flush a slight concussion in a football game can stand durable effects on a player. As a result of this research, sisterren under the age of xiv should not play tackle football. in that locations no question, football is the most popular spectator sport in the United States. Over one-third of the country tunes in for the Super Bowl. Despite the sports immense popularity, many parents are hesitant to allow their children play it given the obvious injury risk. date in that respect is a risk of injury like any other sport letting your child play football might not be as crazy as it sounds. Football at its core is not a soft sport, and contact is a pertinent aspect of the game. There is a literal and figurative lesson being taught When you get knocked down, you must get back up. Football also teaches children to have fun its a fun sport played by boys who also are there for fun. Yes, these facts are true. Football can be fun and it is indeed not a soft sport but thats more reason why children shouldnt play tackle football. Its all fun and games until a ten-year-old boy receives a disastrou s concussion and can no longer play football.Most of the deaths attributed to concussions from playing football are older boys and men. However, David Sumner a ten-year-old from Simi Valley, California died from direct injuries sustained while playing football. He collapsed on the field and an autopsy later revealed he suffered an bully subdural hematoma. An acute subdural hematoma in football is rare, but it does happen. Children are more susceptible because of the size of their head and because their brain is still developing. Tackle football is dangerous and children are the most venerable to concussions received in the game. In recent geezerhood, a large quantity of research has been conducted on head injuries and concussions. Dr. Robert Cantu, the director of capital of Massachusetts Universitys Center for the study of Traumatic Encephalopathy has been a leader in this research. He describes a concussion as, shaking of the brain inside the skull that changes the alertness of the injured person. A concussion can range from relatively mild to very profound. Until recently there were very few guidelines to help players and coaches appoint a concussion. In fact, a football player was encouraged to just shake it off and go back in the game. But with the new understanding of what happens to the brain when a player receives a concussion, a player must be removed from the game after sustaining a concussion.Concussions can seriously tint a football players health. Especially a child under the age of fourteen their brain is still developing can be the most dangerous affair for them. Football doesnt just cause dangerous outcomes for the players but, it can cause the players to be dangerous. Take enlighten Rice for instance. He was a beloved running back football player for the Baltimore Ravens. He had millions of fans going to games to watch him play against other teams. He was even soon to be married to his fiance Janay Palmer. Yet, everything came to a hal t when he physically assaulted her in an elevator. Ray Rice beat his wife-to-be. It was disgusting, abhorrent, and unforgivable. NFL players suffer repeated blows to the head every Sunday. A star player like Rice will get tackled hundreds of times every year. And there is consequence to suggest that all those hits to the brain may increase the propensity to commit domestic violence. Brian OConnor of Futures Without violence told Forbes Magazine, NFL players are taught to be aggressive they deal with all kinds of high-pressure stressors and triggers, OConnor pointed out, from a career that plays out on national TV to the possibility of getting cut from a team without a guaranteed salary.Theres no debate that football itself changes the brains of its players. The NFL has admitted to it. The sports head injuries have long-lasting consequences and may even alter personalities in the short term. NFL players are about four times more likely to be arrested for domestic abuse than youd expect, based on their overall arrest rates. Counting Ray Rice, more than two-dozen pro football players have been arrested for domestic abuse in the past five years alone (FiveThirtyEight.com). Children aspiring to reach the NFL, and those who do get into the NFL, are at a possibility to be domestically violent. Football is teaching children to be aggressive and not in a good way. The smallest thing could trigger them, like nagging, and it could cause them to physically lash out at someone. Its better to go along a child from being domestically violent now than being too late and they set about like Ray Rice.Football is a great sport to watch, but not to play. Children under the age of fourteen should not play tackle football. Evidence has been shown that they are prone to get little to fatal concussions, and could become domestically violent if they still aspire to go into the NFL. The brain is still developing for children under the age of fourteen. Having them play football i s dangerous for them. They could simply sprain their ankle or die at a young age. Or, even worse, get arrested at twenty-seven for beating their significant other in an elevator. Parents of children who want to play tackle football, take these factors into consideration. These factors will be the result of your childs succeeding(a) if you let them play tackle football. Save your child from the dangerous repercussions of sport and do not let them play tackle football.

Electronic Communications Essay

As time goes by, the solid ground is changing quickly so are its people and the technology itself. Technology brings about a percentage of amendments in peoples life. It is getting more advanced from day to day especially when it comes to Information Technology or in this case electronic communications. Back then, mailing was seemingly to be one of the most vital slipway of communication especially for the world communication. In contrast, nowadays people are more prone to take place the easier ways by staring on their electronic accounts on their computers or through their iPods and sending minuscule messages from their iPhones or Blackberries.Why is it so? In my slight opinion, this growing trend gives a lot of dominances in todays life, which are helping people to save their time and money, create b rescriptless communication and groom it easy for people to gain owing(p) information. First and foremost, the world today is bingeing more to electronic communications like e -mail, Facebook and Short Message System (SMS) and other electronic communications is because they will interrupt people from wasting their time and money. How do these work? As we all know, sending a garner to someone will take a lot of processes and will eventually take a commodious time and waste a lot of money.On the contrary, electronic communications entail only the hint of our fingers so as an electronic device to work with. Then, what is left for us to do is just, typing Has that non taken a much lesser time and money? For instance, an e-mail only requires us to turn on our laptops, open our accounts on the website and then, you undersurface start write your letter and send them through e-mails. In short, with the very unst fit economy nowadays, having these kinds of communications will ease everyones burden especially on their daily expenses and also their valuable time will not be wasted.Secondly, the growing trend of electronic communications is making it possible f or a borderless communication which is vital these days. Why is it vital? A lot of things require borderless communication in education field, businesses and even daily activities, especially when foreigners involved. For example, when trading with foreigners, in order to communicate with each other, they need Skype or Yahoo Messenger as mediums to interact and be able to do the trade at a faster rate as compared to by using garner mails or regular letters.Skype is the perfect example of an electronic communication which will cut he line that has separated each country and make communication between two different countries from around the world possible. In conclusion, it is crucial to have these electronic communications in todays age of globalisation as they make it easier for people around the world to connect with each other. Last but not least, the dominance of these electronic communications is people could gain prominent information more efficiently than before. As there a re lesser borders between countries, the efficiency of getting much more relevant and prominent information is higher.People will have the ability to provide and gain information effectively through Facebook or Twitter accounts. For example, international artists who have planned to do a world concert can inform their fans about it through their Facebook account. Likewise, the fans also can ask just about anything to their favourite artists regarding the concert. Hence, this explains wherefore people make these electronic communications as a huge trend these days and in order to keep the trend ongoing, each person has the responsibility to adapt with the technology itself.In a nutshell, the growing trend of using electronic communications is inevitably vital in peoples lives as it gives out a lot of benefits as stated in above paragraphs. So, to avoid ourselves from not getting the chance of keeping up with the changing trends, we have to try our best to adapt ourselves with the ra pid changes. I believe that the electronic communication trend is a trend which is very important to be followed as the world is getting more advanced day to day.

Anthropology of Tattoos

Scarred across her back atomic number 18 raise bumps forming intricate designs of lines and angles, a reminder of who she is and where she is from. She thinks back on the ceremony in which she was marked with the painful scarification. She remembered popular opinion a sense of calm as the village artworkist pierced her back with a polished arrowhead, stretching the skin a mien from the ashes and swiftly plainly skillfully cutting a excoriation in her back. He repeated this several times as a ceremonial pile was modify with gathering soot from the burning fire. later on the artist finished his tedious design, he rubbed soot from the pot bottom deep into the slits, planting the b croperia that would infect the skin, raising the scars into their meaningful design. She felt accomplished that she withstood the agonising pain while separate members of her clan could non. Her novelly inherited em soundbox art signified the brook of her first son, and left her with a renewed sense of beauty. This is the centering of life common to people endemic to the motherland of Africa. Scarification, however, is not the only form of bole art that is used.Body painting, staining, and brand be e truly uniform forms of system art, which can be be in Africa and other cultures byout the world. The word tattoo comes from the Tahitian word tattau, which means to mark. Tattoos wipe out evolved from being symbols of punishment that were given to identify criminals and slaves in the early ninth-century Chinese culture, into a pop-culture trend of using he skin as a way of describing the exotic uncivilized other within ourselves (Schildkrout 2004324). For centuries, the body has been used as a visible way of formation individual identity and cultural difference (Schildkrout 2004319).This cultural difference becomes app arnt when studying the ontogenesis of body art everywhere time, especially when focusing on the differences surrounded by the western sandwich and Non-Western cultures. People establish been adorning their body with tattoos and piercing for centuries, but until tardily, the thought of tattoos in ancient Egypt had been pushed aside. It has now been discovered that, without a doubt, tattoos did make up in that time period. Although miniscule, a multitude of enormously important tattooed mummies serve to help prove this exhibit (Bianchi 198821).The first mummy to be discovered was one f a womanhood named Amunet, whose mummy was establish in an excellent state of preservation, most likely due to the fact that she served as a priestess of the goddess Harthor at Thebes during Dynasty XI(Bianchi 198822). The tattoos on her body were comprised of a pattern of dots and dashes in an elliptical shape on her abase abdomen. The thighs and arms adorned the identical parallel lines of the aforementioned pattern. Two more women mummies, who were discovered and believed to be from the similar time period, also had similar tatto os on their lower abdomen (Bianchi 198822).This group of woman represents an exclusive group of Egyptians who received tattoos in that time period, because there is no other evidence that shows tattoos to be a start of the Egyptian culture until the time of the Middle Kingdom. These abstract patterns associated with ritualistic tattooing survived into the New Kingdom. The Egyptians, more accordingly likely, borrowed a form of tattooing from the Nubian civilization. Unlike the Nubians, whose purpose for tattooing is unkn admit, the Egyptians appear to have regarded the tattoo as one of several vehicles by which the procreative powers of the deceased could be revived (Bianchi 198827).Substantiation proposes that only women were associated with the decorating of their bodies and the ritualistic activities that went along with it. The art of tattooing began with the pigeonholing of bluish or black dots and/or dashes forming abstract geometric patterns that system of body art lasted f or over two thousand years in ancient Egypt. Just like other ideas and goods, the idea of tattooing began to fail to several antithetical societies, and has evolved into extremely different forms of art all over the world.In northeastern Zambia, the Tabwa formerly covered themselves from head to foot with scarification (Roberts 198841). The women of the Tabwa began receiving refine marks on their face, chest, and backs when they were young girls it sometimes was continued at other points in a womans life (Roberts 198843) such(prenominal) as courting rituals and for woman wishing to bear a child. Male sculptors would trace designs and make incisions on the lesser intimate part of the body they left the rest for the women to do. Tabwa women used razors to slit skin that had been plucked up with a fishhook or arrowhead.These incisions were then rubbed with soot from a pot bottom, an irritant that produced the pronenessd raised cicatrices (Roberts 198844). There were several reaso ns that this customs duty was done, different to every age and gender in the tribe. Young women went with this process in bless to achieve a state of perfection, which was required for those wanting to marry and have children (Roberts 198845). Scarification is a form of body art that was used in several tribes because according to their customs beauty is not physically innate, but rather a function of the girls inscriptions (Roberts 198845).Not only the Tabwa, scarification was used in such tribes as the Gaanda and the Tiv all the tribes have distinctly different purposes for doing this, but the process and effect of the body be the same. Another form of body art is body painting, which the people of the southeastern Nuba begin at a young age but the meanings, and time frame from when they begin decorating the body are very different between males and females. The males paint themselves from the ages of 12 to 27 (Faris 198831). Typically, they only paint during the down time a fterward the harvest season and before the next years planting begins.This is the time that the males are less tangled in mandatory and productive activities they cast their supplementary time with festive activities such as dancing and sport participation. The restrictions placed on the men by their age, most importantly deal with the color that they use on their bodyfor example only the older age groups are eligible to use the great working out in color, including the deep black and yellow colors, that are prohibited to younger grades(Faris 198832).The change in elaboration allowed on the body does not coincide with any physiological changes, rather, it corresponds with changes in productive status or sport (Faris 198832). As they move up in grades from young laborers that answer to the elders, to mature men that own their own property, farm and family, their elaborate painting ability increases. The elders though, do not decorate their bodies rather, they delegate and cons ort rituals for the younger men and enforce the rules of allowed color use.Therefore, the male body painting shows their progression thru ones life stages. The women of Southeast Nuba, from the age of six years, until consummation of marriage, oil and ochre their bodies daily, in colors that are appropriate to their patri-clan section (Faris 198834). After childbirth, they may continue to wear some oil and ochre on their shoulders. The face-to-face body art of women is strictly related to the physiological changes that occur as a women goes through life, and are fixed nearly body scarification as a way of showing her changes.A womans scarification is so important, that if a husband refuses to pay for a scarring specialist, a woman may seek a lover who go away do so, and her first marriage will end (Faris 198835). Unlike the males elaborate body art, a womans body art is simple, but it accumulates over her life-span and is very standardized, while a males body art is constantly ch anging. Body painting, tattooing and scarification thus far had been tools used by individuals to beautify their body and elevate their status within their tribe this is not the case with all societies.In several other cultures, tattoos have been used in a form of brand, which is quite the opposite. Though tattooing and branding are similar in that both involve the insertion of pigments under the skin to create permanent marks, branding is implemented in order to lower an individuals status, to punish for crimes committed, to identify slaves, but most importantly, to eliminate personal identity (Schildkrout 2004323). The immutable alteration of homosexual skin by branding needs to be considered in relation to, but ought not be confused with, tattooing (Bianchi 198827).Two recent studies originating in South Africa elaborate on this subject, reporting on the political influence of tattooing as a means of social suss out (Schildkrout 2004330). They site examples from Zambia in whic h a medical practitioner travels around to villages in which witch craft accusations have been commonto inoculate people against people against witch craft (Schildkrout 2004331). The villagers would submit to bodily inspections, they were then handle by getting subprograms tattooed on their arms (Schildkrout 2004331).This is disturbingly reminiscent of Nazi concentration camps when an abyssal number of Jewish people lost their personal identities and became known as only a number in the system to be disposed of. This symbolic denial of personhood served as a system of have got and surveillance (Schildkrout 2004323). This system of control was also imposed by authoritarian regimes in Southeast Asia (Schildkrout 2004323). The chow chow and Ming Dynasties branded criminals as a form of punishment with extensive, very much full-body tattoos, with elaborate pictorial imagery as well as written inscriptions (Schildkrout 2004324) portraying their crime.This form of tattooing is defin itely contrary to traditional methods. Similarly in Brazil, branding was used to mark convicts by the penal authorities. Penal tattoos derived their power from subjugation of the marked convicts. The abjection of being visibly branded was a significant component of the convicts punishment. In an act of resistance, those that had been branded were known to reclaim their bodies by writing over the inscriptions or by displaying them in new social situations (Schildkrout 2004324).The branded, thereof, became the empowered, restoring the function of the tattoo to being personally-motivated. This personal motivation is perhaps most notable in Western cultures, specifically North America. In America, the Native Americans used body painting in galore(postnominal) ways, usually connected with ethnic identity, social roles or marital status (Rubin 1988179). The Natives also used the body as a canvas in ritualistic ceremonies, on warriors going into battle and for the beautification of thei r women.When the Europeans discovered America, they brought with them slaves from Africa and they introduced branding of the slaves into the American culture. After the civil war, when the slaves had been freed, branding was still embedded in American culture through groups of people including gang members and convicts. Though branding is often associated with involuntary marking and the denial of personhood, it has also been adoptive in contemporary Western body culture as an assertion of group identity, for example in college fraternities (Schildkrout 2004323). Tattoos were also prevalent in other parts of America, including Alaska.Among the Eskimos the function of these art forms was essentially manifesting ones place or role within the hierarchy of hunting life (Gritton 1988190). With the introduction and adaptation of the western civilization in Alaskan culture, the marks of a hunter or hunters married woman served no purpose in their new lives and were understandably abandon ed (Gritton 1988190). The function of body art and tattooing has been Americanized, evolving from its intrinsic origins to incorporate self expression. This self expression has mushroomed from a manor of identifying oneself to a way of gaining attention through shock value.Though ever-changing, all forms of body art mentioned play enormous roles in the lives of people. Certain non-Western cultures are based around the ability to use skin as a visible way of defining status or bettering their self-image, in order to attract companions. So the artists who are allowed to perform the act of adorning bodies with different designs are regarded as having a very important place in the lodge. They are scarring specialist (Faris 198835), body artists (Drewal 198884), but most importantly, they are known as the one-who-creates- art (Drewal 198884).In the non-Native American culture, however, the general spatial relation towards tattoo artist in present-day American culture is less than appr eciative. Extreme critics even dispose tattooist as opportunist, exclusively seeking monetary gain (Sanders 1988229). The tattooist interest in artistry and control is often in conflict with his pro reconcile orientation, revealing the major flaw within the American guild (Sanders 1988229). This is the major difference in western and non-western cultures. Body tattoos in western clubhouse are an objective to be purchased.Americans obtain tattoos in the same manner that they acquire a new Louis Vuitton handbag. They purchase them as accessories, which is in stark contrast to the non-western cultures, who acquire tattoos as an essential ritual in their society. With this is mind, the process in which Americans purchases body art seems slightly ridiculous. Tattoo artists often complain of the unwillingness of customers to spend the quoted amount of money for a tattoo they are going to wear for the rest of their life (Sanders 1988229).It is more acceptable in American culture to inve st in short term materialistic purchases, therefore the legitimate tattoo artists are constantly being monitored and regimented under strict laws imposed by the government. Despite the absurdity of the purchasing process, the reasoning that propels the American society to obtain tattoos is just as flawed. whatsoever reasons people give to explain permanently marking their skin include, they were drunk, its a macho thing, to fit in with a crowd or even worse, for no reason at all (DeMello 199542). Western society seems to have a complete disregard for the spiritual origins of body art.Tattoo artist are even witness to clients apathy, avoiding working on people who are obviously under the influence of alcohol (Sanders 1988225). Where once there was a ceremonious celebration deeply rooted in spiritualism, in American society the only ritualistic ceremony is the receiving of a piece of paper on how to care for the recently acquired body art. This apathetic attitude of Americans is per haps derived from the renouncing majority of the population. This bias stems from very early regulations including Moses remarks in Leviticus 1928 forbidding any cuttings in the flesh or the printing of any marks (Armstrong 200539).Since tattoos were not sanctioned by the church the profile for the tattooed archetype became unconventional (Schildkrout 2004325). Christian belief has been adapted to the masses, forcing those who are tattooed into rebellion. The majority of people adopting body art include bikers, convicts, and other low lives (DeMello 199540). In Western society the idea that the unmarked body as a sign of Gods work was linked to the Protestant reformation and the idea that body markings were a sign of savagery goes back even primitively ( Schildkrout 2004324).This is ironic considering tattoos in earlier cultures signified positions of high status. Perhaps the only entity that ties these drastic cultures together is the desire to increase their inherited beauty. If the body is metaphorically a site of inscription to various degrees for various theorist, then cosmetic operating theater can be seen, at one level, as an example of the literal and hard-core enactment of this process of inscription ( Schildkrout 2004320), which is also seen in the aforementioned tribes with the rituals of scarification.DeMello also agrees that along with tattooing and piericing, that cosmetic surgery is seen as a form of body modification (DeMello 199537). Not only does the tattooed skin negotiate between the individual and society and between different social groups, but also mediates relations between persons and spirits, the human and the divine (Schildkrout 2004321).Body art is a tradition that extends throughout the barriers of the world and although the forms in which they are found may be different, the idea of using your body as a canvas is universal. Although recently, several anthropologists concord and have begun to examine body art more closely, lo oking at it as a microcosm of society (Schildkrout 2004328), Roberts still believes that there can be no ultimate explanation of symbolism (Roberts 198851).He claims that the blazes on trees in the Ndembu forest will remain many years after their purpose and meaning are forgotten. So it is with other inscriptions (Roberts 198851). This is exemplified in the woman who endured the agonizing pain of her scarification to instigate a new chapter in her life. Nevertheless, soon after her body is placed into the ground, her skin will no longer be a visible indication of who she once was. She will become a memory and her body will no longer be used as a canvas.