Advanced Technology the Key to the Chinese Economy Development Essay

Advanced Technology the Key to the Chinese Economy Development - Essay Example China failed to take the next step and the topic of discussion of the articles revolves around the cause of failure taking the Needham under consideration. The high-level equilibrium trap The above concept was first proposed by Mark Elvin and later supported by some eminent historians. Elvin analysed the economy and the surprising technological advancements and came out with the hypothesis of inadequate capital, constraints in the market, lack of entrepreneurship to be the major causes of failure. He supported his view with examples and evidence. The incentives behind technological innovations were led by family farming, the market system and the fee-simple ownership. So the advancement took the rising curve initially (Maluste, 2011, p.22). The population expanded rapidly and the amount of land got limited. The required amount of food to feed the entire population got limited leading to cheap labour and cost of capital increased. So the country lacked the required surplus necessary f or sustained industrialization. Although China reached the threshold level at the fourteenth century the population grew to such a level where there was no requirement for the labour saving devices (Lin, 1995, p.272). The potential of agriculture is correlated with agriculture. If there is inhibition of technology the equilibrium trap is absent. Therefore, the focus should be towards the rising cause of land ratio and the reason which can be stated is the lack of inventive creativity. According to Chao, the worsening of man to land ratio was not due to the orientation of inventions. If the man to land ratio of the twelfth century is taken into account the claim of no need for technological advancements appears tenuous. The surveys proved that in those periods there was not a single day where the farm households were not occupied in the farmlands. Therefore the claim of no need of labour saving devices is not valid (Bloom, et al, 2006, p.1). The other reason stated by the above-discu ssed hypothesis is inadequate surplus from agriculture rising from weak man to land ratio. This reason has some flaws as well. The surplus of per capita should have been higher in the fourteenth and fifteenth century than that achieved in the twelfth century. Again there is no empirical support to claim the statement that high man to land ratio depleted from the agricultural surplus. Therefore the concept of high-level equilibrium trap stands invalid in analysing the reasons of absence of industrial revolution in China (Kuijs, 2012, p.15). Population, Science and innovations China failed to reap the benefits of technological advancements as it did not transform the experience based procedure of discovery to experiment cum science-based improvement. The Needham’s model assumes the source of the invention to be trial and error. One type of trial and error is based on experience while the other is based on experiment. The former refers to the activities of peasants on the farmla nd while the later trial and error refer to the activities of the investor to innovate new technologies. The technology can be freely obtained from the former while that from later trial and error is costly. The implications drawn from the Needham’s model are discussed below (Swamy, 2010, p.12). The probability of invention or innovation of new technology is dependent upon the positive function of the number of trials.  

The article “Verismo” Essay Example for Free

The article â€Å"Verismo† Essay The article â€Å"Verismo† discusses the beginning of movement in Italian literature and opera, as well as provides in-depth overview of Verismo as literature style, musical style and as essential component of Italian theatre. Verismo is defined as movement in Italian literature which caused emergence of new theatrical and operatic genres. Actually, verismo became so-called innovatory drive originated from the French naturalism. The most brilliant representatives of verismo were Giovanni Verga and Luigi Capuana, and the theorist Federico de Roberto. Verismo is said to share some characteristics with naturalism. For example, both styles promote impersonal style of narration and they authors were deeply interested in the lower social strata. In other words, they tended to incorporate a true-to-life approach when illustrating contemporary reality. Furthermore, veristi, the writes of this genre, developed their own character in their literary works. For example, they assessed the relations between science and art from new perspective. It is known that verismo has strongly influenced the development of Italian theatre as the genre introduced regional milieux which combined lower-class idioms and local customs. Verismo enriched theatrical repertoire offering extraordinary blend of romantic style with bourgeoisie comedy. Verismo provided new acting style to illustrate unsophisticated characters on the scene. Verismo has also affected opera. Two famous operas of this style were â€Å"Mala Vita† and â€Å"Pagliacci†. â€Å"Mala Vita† was launched by Umberto Giordano as a brand of operatic verismo. â€Å"Pagliacci† was launched by Leoncavallo and was considered rather complex work. Leoncavallo was both the author of music and libretto. It is argued that in the opera â€Å"the explicit violence of the double murder committed by the white-faced clown is usually seen as the dramatization of an actual incident remembered from the composer’s childhood†. Verismo is also defined as musical style of Giovane Scuola. In music this style was strongly influenced by the works of Massenet and Wagner due to their emotional rhetoric. Verismo in music was very passionate with sentimental languor. The style tended to combine delicacy with explicit violence, in particular, in the vocal lines. Moreover, it tended to change solo piece by ensembles as it ensured better cohesion of sound and vocal. Orchestral motifs were often referred to. Nevertheless, verismo denied bel canto coloratura. It is argued that only in the 19th century opera had reached its dramatic continuity, in which spoken drama was combined with canons of musical one. Puccini was the first to achieve in his opera â€Å"Manon Lescaut† the most satisfactory blend of spoken and sung words. Reflective Commentary It is a matter of fact that verismo strongly influenced not only literature works, but also theatrical and musical world as verismo was something people hadn’t been yet acquainted with. Everything new was practically always valued and appreciated in art world and, therefore, verismo has played important role in development of Italian theatre and opera. However, all the mentioned trends should be viewed in the context of the century to get the whole picture of style development. Nevertheless, the style is rather complex as it combined delicacy and violence, rudeness and kindness, etc. Verismo was creator of new reality, in which sensationalism and triviality came together in â€Å"Iris† and â€Å"Tosca†. It is necessary to add that verismo defined new kind of musical dramaturgy which was so needed after the decline of Romantic melodrama. I see Verismo combined together expressionism, symbolism and exoticism. Verismo tended to create reality through truth as ‘vero’ means ‘truth’ in Italian. The genre couldn’t betray its original meaning. However, in contrast to naturalism, verismo rejected the scientific nature and social usefulness. Frankly saying, I think that some veristi were likely to be pessimists who based their works on the premise of impersonality. Failure to impose personal meaning shows desire to escape from reality they tended to reflect.

Love :: essays research papers

In 1606 William Shakespeare, the Bard of Avon, wrote a play which would go down in history as the cursed Scottish play after numerous mishaps during production. It was written for his new patron, James I (James VI of Scotland), following the death of Queen Elizabeth. James was interested in witchcraft and Scotland, and hence the themes in the play. Banquo is James's ancestor. The play itself tells the story of a man, urged by his wife and foretold by prophecy, who commits regicide in order to gain power. Unfortunately, due to numerous quirks of language and obscure allusions, the play is difficult to understand without assistance. Using this annotated version along with external links and analysis, to more information, you can now get a better grasp of one the best tragedies ever written, the tale of Macbeth. Notes on reading this: The summaries, notes, and definitions are all stored in large files that serve you throughout the play. It is a good idea to let them load completely into your browser's cache the first time you access them, and from then on there will be a minimal de lay. Try reading through quickly, trying to get the gist and not dwelling on specific phrases. Then come back and use the annotation, as well as your knowledge of English and what is going on, to decipher the wit and depth of each line. Any differences in spelling of words between the glossary and the text are the result of version differences that pop up in various editions of Shakespeare's works and aren't important. You are encouraged to look up any words not defined here using the on-line dictionary, but please let us know so we can add them to our list of words as well.

Climate Change in Vietnam

HCM CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (HUTECH) FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT & BIOTECHNOLOGY HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENT CLIMATE CHANGE CONTENTS I. CLIMATE CHANGE I. 1. Greenhouse gas emission I. 2. Manifestation of climate change in Vietnam II. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIO-ECONOMY II. 1. Impacts on ecosystems II. 2. Impacts on the economy II. 2. 1. Impacts on agriculture and aquaculture II. 2. 2. Impacts on the energy sector II. 3. Impacts on other economic sectors II. 4. Impacts on society I. CLIMATE CHANGE: I. 1.Greenhouse gas emission: Greenhouse gas emission (CO2, CH4, N2O) has continuously increased globally since the industrial revolution, especially due to human’s activities including the exploitation of fossils for industrial and agricultural production and transportation. Greenhouse gas accumulated over an extended period causes a greenhouse effect, which raises the global temperature. The level of greenhouse gas per person in Vietnam is lower than the worldà ¢â‚¬â„¢s average level (Table 1. ), but Vietnam is one of the countries that is most affected by climate change. Table 1. 1. Estimated greenhouse gas emmission level per person Unit:  Tons  of  CO2  equivalent/person | Year 2004| Year 2010| America *| 20| 21,6| Europe *| 11| 11| The world’s average *| 5| | China *| 4| | Vietnam **| 1,5| 1,6| Source:  (*)  Climate  Change  101:  Understanding  and  Responding to  Global  Climate  Change,  2007 (**)  Estimation  in  Vietnam  Initial  National  Communication  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Under  the United  Nations  Framework  Convention  on  Climate  change,  MoNRE,  2003Vietnam conducted a greenhouse gas emission inventory in 1993 (The first national inventory notice, 2004), in 1998 (Greenhouse gas emmision inventory report, 2008) and in 2000 (The second national notice, 2010). The inventory result showed that the total greenhouse gas emission in 2000 was 150. 9 million tons of eq. C O2. The emission structure has changed however compared to the previous years. The proportion of emission compared to the total figure has increased in the sectors of waste, energy and industrial processes (Diagram 1. ). Diagram 1. 1. The evolution of GHG emission of each sector in 1993,1998,2000 The inventory result in 2000 showed that agriculture was the biggest source of emission with 65 million tons of eq. CO2 (accounting for 43. 1%), which was followed by the energy sector (35%). But the agricultural emission proportion compared to the total emission reduced against the previous 2 inventories. GHG emission inventory research in sectors showed that only forestry and land use restructuring were able to absorb and reduce CO2.CO2 absorption by the forests and other kinds of land coverage was 75. 74 million tons of eq. CO2, and by soil 90. 85 million tons of eq. CO2. Totally, GHG emission from agriculture and land use restructuring was 15. 1 million tons, accounting for 10% of the t otal emission. There is much scientific evidence showing that the earth is heating up due to increasing GHG emission and global climate change is taking place rapidly and with significent impact. Thus, if GHG emission continues to increase, the impacts of climate change will be more serious.Countries, that have long coastlines and are located near the equator like Vietnam will have to face great impacts from climate change. I. 2. Manifestation of climate change in Vietnam: Climate change is taking place and causing great changes, which are shown in extreme and unusual weather phenomena experienced recently such as increasing temperature, strong storm, heavy rains, floods, drought, and rising sea level etc. Temperature: Over the last 50 years (1958-2007), the annual average temperature in Vietnam increased from between 0. – 0. 7 °C. The temperature in winter rose faster than that in summer and the temperature in the north rose faster than that in the south. In 2007, the annu al average temperature in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City and Da Nang were higher than the average figures in 1931 to 1940 by 0. 8 -1. 3 °C and higher than that in 1991 – 2000 by 0. 4- 0. 5 °C (Source: The National Target Program to Respond to Climate Change, MONRE, 2008). Rainfall: In each region, there was no big change in the annual average rainfall in each period and in different locations.However the annual rainfall reduced in the Northern climatic zones and increased in the Southern climatic zones. The national average rainfall over the last 50 years (1958 – 2007) reduced by 2%. However, rainfall pattern within the year changed with a negative trend: increasing in the rainy season and reducing in the dry season. Cold air: The number of cold spells that affected Vietnam reduced remarkably over the past 2 decades. However, unusual manifestation appeared more regularly.The latest one was a chilly cold spells that lasted for 30 days in January and February in 2008 in the Northern region. (Source: The National Target Program to Respond to Climate Change, MONRE, 2008). Storm: In the recent past 5 to 6 decades, the frequency of tropical cyclones on the East sea increased by 0. 4 storm per decade; the frequency of tropical cyclones affected Vietnam increased by 0. 2 storm per decade; in recent years, high intensity storms appeared more regularly. The storm’s orbit trended southward and the stormy season ended later. Many storms travelled unusually and irregularly. Source: Vietnam’s second notice to the UN Convention Frame work on Climate Change, MONRE, 2010). Sea level: Monitoring data at Marine Observatories along Vietnam’s coastline showed that the average rise in sea level was 3mm/year (from 1993 – 2008) equivalent to the world’s average rate of increase. Over the last 50 years, sea level at Hon Dau marine observatory rose by 20cm (Source: The National Target Program to Respond to Climate Change, MONRE, 2008). II. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIO-ECONOMY Climate change is one of the biggest challenges for human beings in the 21st century.Climate change will cause serious impacts on production, life and environment globally. Increasing temperature and rising sea level causing flooding together with saline water sources that negatively affects agriculture will increase industrial risks and negatively impact future socio-economic systems. II. 1. Impacts on ecosystems: Sea water rise, more high-intensity natural disasters, sediment levels and saline level increases all have impacts on natural ecosystems. Rising sea level accelerates the landslide rate in the coastal areas and river mouths.It leads to the disappearance of mangrove forest such as the mangrove forest east of the Ca Mau cape, which is the natural habitat of many species. Rising sea level also floods the coastal areas, which has an impact on the growth of mangrove trees, especially those that are able to retain si lt banks and thus raise the level of the coastal areas, such as Avicennia, Sonneratia alba. Due to the impacts of climate change, natural forest ecosystems such as the dry dipterocarp forests, verdurous forests and deciduous forests have all reduced in acreage.The boundary of primeval forests and secondary forests can also change as a result. The dry dipterocarp forests will expand to the north; deciduous forests of drought tolerant plants will grow more strongly. High temperature can also lead to the extinction of some kinds of fauna and flora. Some kinds of plants such as aloe wood, textured wood and siadora Vietnamese, etc, can become extinct. Hundreds of animal species and plants have to change their habitats and life spans to adapt to climate change. II. 2. Impacts on the economy:Climate change has sizably impacts on some economic sectors, which indirectly put pressure on the environment II. 2. 1. Impacts on agriculture and aquaculture: Rising sea water and salt water intrusion in the Mekong River Delta and some areas in the Red River Delta, which are major agricultural hubs, threatens agricultural production and national food security. Salinity of 1†° has intruded landward by 50-60 km and salinity 4†° (harmful to plants) has intruded by 30-40 km from the river mouth. Source: The Southern Institute of Water Resources Research, 2008). The Mekong River Delta, which has 1,77 million ha of saline land, accounting for 45% of the total area, would be the most affected in the country. If sea level rises 30 cm, salinity of major branches of the Mekong River Delta would intrude by a further 10km. ESTIMATED IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE TO VIETNAM According  to  the  climate  change  scenerio,  if  sea  water rises  by  1m,  the  Mekong  river  Delta  will  be  40%  flooded land,  Ã‚  Red  Ã‚  river  Ã‚  Delta,  Ã‚  11%,  Ã‚  and  Ã‚  Ho  Ã‚  Chi  Ã‚  Minh  Ã‚  City,  Ã‚  over 20%.Nearly  10-12%  ofà ‚  national  population  will  be  directly affected  and  the  loss  of  Vietnam’s  GDP  is  estimated  at  10%. Source:  Vietnam  Insitute  of  Meterology  Hydrometeorology and  Environment,  MONRE,  2010 ESTIMATED IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE TO VIETNAM According  to  the  climate  change  scenerio,  if  sea  water rises  by  1m,  the  Mekong  river  Delta  will  be  40%  flooded land,  Ã‚  Red  Ã‚  river  Ã‚  Delta,  Ã‚  11%,  Ã‚  and  Ã‚  Ho  Ã‚  Chi  Ã‚  Minh  Ã‚  City,  Ã‚  over 20%. Nearly  10-12%  of  national  population  will  be  directly affected  and  the  loss  of  Vietnam’s  GDP  is  estimated  at  10%. Source:  Vietnam  Insitute  of  Meterology  Hydrometeorology and  Environment,  MONRE,  2010Increasing temperature would have impacts on productivity, increase the risk of diseases and change the plant structu re, which would cause food insecurity. Scientists have said that if the temperature increases 1 °C, it will affect 25% of productivity, such as rice at 10%, corn 5-20%, (would be 60% if the temperature rises 4 °C). The boundary of tropical plants will change toward higher mountain areas and northward. Increasing temperature affects the metabolism, growth rate, reproduction and seasonal crops of aquatic creatures, which are also prone to get diseases and be more exposed to toxic chemicals.Tropical fish (of low commercial value excluding tuna) would increase, while sub-tropical fish (high commercial value) would reduce. The oxygen content in water reduces sharply at night, which makes many kinds of shrimp and fish die or be stunted. II. 2. 2. Impacts on the energy sector: When the temperature increases, energy consumption of some production sectors and domestic consumption also increases as they use more electrical devices: fans, air-conditioners, industrial cooling systems, etc, as well as pumping water for plants.A study by the Energy Institute, the Ministry of Industry and Trade shows that when the temperature in summer rises 1 °C, additional electricity charged from 9 am to 4pm increases higher than in other hours by 2. 2%/year, meaning electricity consumption would increase by 1%, especially in domestic, commercial and service sectors. When the temperature increases, the thermal cycle output of steam turbines reduces, which wastes fuel. When the temperature increases 1 °C, coal consumption of a 300 MW coal-fired thermal power plant would increase 0. 5%, equivalent to 4,500 tons/year.For a gas-turbine power plant, when the temperature increase 1 °C, generating capacity will reduce the productivity of a 250 MW gas-turbine by 0. 5%, which loses 7. 5 million kWh annually. Unusual storms and floods and rising sea level would also negatively affect the electricity operation, transmission and distribution systems, oil rigs, oil and gas pipelines to the m ainland, and oil up-loading to storage tanks. Besides, due to unusual heavy storms, reservoirs of hydro-power stations could not effectively regulate water which increase risks to the lowland area.Rains and storms would cause landslides and destroy dykes and hydropower system, which would impact the environment on a large scale. II. 3. Impacts on other economic sectors: Storms, heavy rains and floods which increase in intensity and frequency, would damage and destroy infrastructure and facilities and damage the natural and social environment seriously, sometimes even to the extent where it is unable to recover. Rising sea level would make some beaches disappear, while others would adjust by shifting landward.It would affect cultural and historical sites, natural reserves and eco-tourism sites. Increasing temperature and shorter time of low temperature would reduce the attraction of mountain resorts, while the tourist season at the coast would last longer. (Source: Climate change imp acts on Vietnam). Construction and industrial clusters/zones built in the plains would face higher risks of flooding and difficulties in rainfall drainage as well as flooding caused by rising river and sea levels.Extreme weather conditions and natural disaster increase would reduce the durability of materials, devices, facilities and infrastructure. II. 4. Impacts on society: Climate change has direct and indirect influences on society and the community’s health. Unusual climate manifestation, prolonged cold and hot spells, increasing or reducing temperature have negative influences on people’s health.Climate change also cause epidemics and other sources of diseases to occur and spread more widely such as type A influenza H1N1 virus, type A influenza H5N1 virus, diarrhoea, cholera, and other kinds of tropical diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, dermatological diseases, sore eyes and poisoning. CLIMATE CHANGE INCREASES THE NUMBER OF DISEASE IN FECTED PEOPLE If  Ã‚  the  Ã‚  global  Ã‚  temperature  Ã‚  increases  Ã‚  from  Ã‚  between 3  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Ã‚  5 °C,  Ã‚  around  Ã‚  50  Ã‚  to  Ã‚  80  Ã‚  million  Ã‚  people  Ã‚  worldwide will  face  the  risk  of  getting  malaria  every  year. Source: Report  of  Action  Aid). Official  statistics  of  a  WHO  survey  in  2000  showed that  Ã‚  global  Ã‚  warming  Ã‚  was  Ã‚  the  Ã‚  cause  Ã‚  of  Ã‚  an  Ã‚  additional 155,000  Ã‚  deaths  Ã‚  in  Ã‚  low-income  Ã‚  countries,  Ã‚  due  Ã‚  to  Ã‚  its impact  on  food  productivity  and  malnutrition,  diseases such  as  diarrhoea,  malaria  and  flood  related  incidents. 85%  of  the  deaths  were  under-5  children  in  low  income countries. Source:  Asia  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Europe  conference  on  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Sharing  experience  on responding  to  global  clima te  change  and  emerging  diseases, Hanoi,  2009CLIMATE CHANGE INCREASES THE NUMBER OF DISEASE INFECTED PEOPLE If  Ã‚  the  Ã‚  global  Ã‚  temperature  Ã‚  increases  Ã‚  from  Ã‚  between 3  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Ã‚  5 °C,  Ã‚  around  Ã‚  50  Ã‚  to  Ã‚  80  Ã‚  million  Ã‚  people  Ã‚  worldwide will  face  the  risk  of  getting  malaria  every  year. (Source: Report  of  Action  Aid). Official  statistics  of  a  WHO  survey  in  2000  showed that  Ã‚  global  Ã‚  warming  Ã‚  was  Ã‚  the  Ã‚  cause  Ã‚  of  Ã‚  an  Ã‚  additional 155,000  Ã‚  deaths  Ã‚  in  Ã‚  low-income  Ã‚  countries,  Ã‚  due  Ã‚  to  Ã‚  its impact  on  food  productivity  and  malnutrition,  diseases such  as  diarrhoea,  malaria  and  flood  related  incidents. 85%  of  the  deaths  were  under-5  children  in  low  income countries.Source:  Asia  Ã¢â‚ ¬â€œÃ‚  Europe  conference  on  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Sharing  experience  on responding  to  global  climate  change  and  emerging  diseases, Hanoi,  2009 Being aware of the climate change impacts, Vietnam’s Government has joined and ratified the UN Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol. After 2 years of implementation of the National Target Program on Climate Change Response, Vietnam has achieved initial noteworthy results. Ministries, sectors and localities have been preparing their Action Plans to respond to Climate change based on the premise of the National Action Plan.

Countryside v.sCity Life Essay

Have you ever thought about your birth place? Do you make your own decision where to live? I believe every person, in a certain time, think about the place they should live: countryside or city? To make the best choice, we must look at three big differences between countryside and city: the environment, education, entertainment. First of all, the countryside has a quiet and peaceful environment. Since most people living in the countryside make their living mainly on farming, the atmosphere is kept fresh and healthy. They are living close to the nature with green vegetables, pure water. In the countryside, people are neither in a hurry, nor anxious. They can stay in their house until they feel the need to visit their farm. On the contrary, the city has a busy and stressful environment. Everyday city dwellers have to face with pollution by noise and smoke from a huge amount of vehicles. Since many people work in factories or offices, and they also get paid by working hours, every day they are full of schedules and plans. As a result, they are suffering more pressures than those living in the countryside. The next difference between city and countryside is education. In the countryside, there are not many high graded school, many students have to go to the big city for higher education. While schools in the countryside don’t provide much services for students, many schools in the big city are equipped with modern labs supporting for practice and research. Others with workshops on or off campus give the learners the best training for later work. Schools in big cities also offer many activities for low grade students like field trips and boys and girls club. In higher levels, with many exhibitions, fairs, festivals and conferences, students are much easier to do their researches. Entertainment is another concern of many people. In the countryside, entertainment is only in some physical activities: fishing, biking, hiking, swimming. These things, in fact, are only practice outside and sometime not enough for the human nonstop needs. In big cities, there are more culture activities like concerts and cinemas making the richness of mental life. Entertainment of the nightlife including casinos, clubs, hotels, recreation and shopping centers, gyms, fashion centers, contributes to the liveliness of a city, which we are hardly find in the countryside. In conclusion, both countryside and city has their own values. Therefore, people can choose living in the countryside or in the city depending on their most needs. For me, each person only has one life. We are not able to choose the birth place but we completely can choose the place to live. That is the part of reaching our most optimal peak of life. Once we look back we are proud of the happy time we have ever lived in that place.

Editing Your Medical School Personal Statements

Editing Your Medical School Personal Statements Medical school personal statements can be extremely arduous and complicated essays to compose. That is why I recommend that anyone planning to apply to medical school secure the services of a professional admissions essays editor to help. A reliable professional admissions essays editor can help make the overall writing process much easier, and can assist you in making your final product a true work of genius. Contrary to popular belief, hiring a professional editor to help with your medical school personal statement does not alleviate you from having to do most of the work. As with any other written composition to whom you would submit a professional editor, your medical school personal statement must be well-organized, complete, and written to the best of your ability. It is important to remember that the job of a professional admissions essay editor is not to write your paper for you, but rather to proof and correct your efforts. Finding a professional editor to assist with your medical school personal statement is easy with the help of the Internet. In my opinion, the easiset way to find a professional editor is to conduct an online search via a reputable Internet search engine, and then choose from the variety of results. When choosing a professional editor, make sure that he or she is well qualified and will be willing to review several drafts. Hiring a professional editor will make the task of having to write a medical school personal statement much less stressful. For help in finding an editor or if you would like additional information on medical school essays, please dont hesitate to contact me. In the meanwhile, I encourage you to take advantage of the link provided on this page. This link will direct you to an excellent online resource where you can find all sorts of admissions information.

Samantha Srinivasan Essays - Friedrich Nietzsche, Free Essays

Samantha Srinivasan Essays - Friedrich Nietzsche, Free Essays Samantha Srinivasan Philosophy 101-01 Prof. Evans Dec. 16, 1998 Paper Assignment: Topic #3 Nietzsche is known as a philosopher who was very poetic in his writings. He used a real Persian prophet named Zarathustra, as his character within his philosophy. The way Plato used Socrates, Nietzsche used Zarathustra?s mouth to speak his philosophy. An example, how Nietzsche uses Zarathustra in his book is in the chapter entitled ? On the Tree on the Mountain.? Within this chapter, the story represents certain aspects that are important to Zarathustra (Nietzsche). The chapter begins, with Zarathustra noticing that a youth was avoiding him, but later encounters him in the mountains. The chapter further continues, with the fact that Zarathustra finally speaks to the youth and asks him why he is afraid. Zarathustra continues talking to the youth by telling him a parable about a tree that is waiting for something on the mountainside. The youth tries to confine with Zarathustra, and Zarathustra advises him to not give up his hope and freedom in life. This chapter clearly relates to the notion of the overman. In Zarathustra?s Prologue, when Zarathustra speaks to a crowd of people in a town who are waiting for a tightrope performance. He speaks to the people of the overman as the meaning of the earth. Zarathustra quotes,? Let your will say: the overman shall be the meaning of the earth!? Therefore, in this chapter of ? On the Tree on the Mountainside ? Zarathustra compares a tree waiting something from the earth because he speaks about how the tree keeps growing from the earth taller and taller each day. He also states that surely the tree is waiting for the first lighting, which signfly as waiting for the overman by giving your whole self. Zarathustra also stated how he beseeched his brothers and sisters to remain faithful to the earth, and to not believe those who speak of otherworldly hopes. In other words he is saying that the most dreadful thing is to go against the overman which then doesn?t make meaning of the earth. So in essence the youth represents those individuals who are at the break of being missed lead into a false dead God. Therefore, the tree also represents those individuals who are waiting for that special unfalsed God ,but they didn?t know what it was. Zarathustra advised the youth no matter what happens he should not lose his sense of freedom and hope because if he loses his determination than he was a lost soul. The youth also tells that Zarathustra that he is correct because he has longed and waited for something not knowing what it is. So Zarathustra?s advice means that yes we are searching for something, and our answer is in the earth, the overman. This chapter explains how Zarathustra was determined to bring the overman to everyone, and also explaining to the people that we are like the TREE who waits. Samantha Srinivasan Philosophy 101-01 Prof. Evans Dec. 16, 1998 Paper Assignment: Topic #3 Nietzsche is known as a philosopher who was very poetic in his writings. He used a real Persian prophet named Zarathustra, as his character within his philosophy. The way Plato used Socrates, Nietzsche used Zarathustra?s mouth to speak his philosophy. An example, how Nietzsche uses Zarathustra in his book is in the chapter entitled ? On the Tree on the Mountain.? Within this chapter, the story represents certain aspects that are important to Zarathustra (Nietzsche). The chapter begins, with Zarathustra noticing that a youth was avoiding him, but later encounters him in the mountains. The chapter further continues, with the fact that Zarathustra finally speaks to the youth and asks him why he is afraid. Zarathustra continues talking to the youth by telling him a parable about a tree that is waiting for something on the mountainside. The youth tries to confine with Zarathustra, and Zarathustra advises him to not give up his hope and freedom in life. This chapter clearly relates to the notion of the overman. In Zarathustra?s Prologue, when Zarathustra speaks to a crowd of people in a town who are waiting for a tightrope performance. He speaks to the people of the overman as the meaning of the earth. Zarathustra quotes,? Let your will say: the overman shall be

What Makes Silicon Prairie The Best Place For Startups - CoSchedule

What Makes Silicon Prairie The Best Place For Startups You’ve probably heard startups have to be in Silicon Valley. That’s an understandable assumption. After all, it’s where many of the world’s biggest software successes call home. But, is it really where startups have to be located to be successful? Is it possible, or even probable, that there are other places where you can build world-class software without heading for the coast? For our team at , the answer is a resounding yes. In fact, as a proud North Dakota-based company (you read that right), we’re proof positive you don’t have to leave home to build great software. From local investment opportunities to a skilled and ambitious talent pool, we wouldn’t trade the benefits of our home state to be anywhere else in the world. With more than 8,000 customers located in 100-plus countries around the globe, we think the numbers speak for themselves. So, what makes the Silicon Prairie the best place for ? That’s the question we’ll answer on this episode of #OverheardFrom.What Makes Silicon Prairie The Best Place For Startups? | #OverheardAt Recommended Viewing: Where In The World Is Located? How to Focus on 10X Growth Projects How to Make Your Meetings Effective (And Not Suck) Transcript: Eric: Everyone knows the best place for a startup is Silicon Valley, right? Wrong. Welcome to the Silicon Prairie. Howdy everyone, this is Eric with and welcome to Overheard at , the show where we talk about the things we talk about a . Were flipping the script. Im out in the middle of the beautiful prairie here in North Dakota. Our customers jaws always drop when they find out that s based in Bismarck and I love it. We are merely miles from the geographical center of North America so you know what? How about we find out how the middle of nowhere suddenly becomes the middle of everywhere. All right, were here with Garrett Moon, CEO, Co-founder of . I find this absolutely incredible, Garrett. Were sitting behind the world map. Weve got 8,000 customers in 100-plus countries and were doing straight out of North Dakota, which I love. Youve got to fill in the rs out there, what is this North Dakota advantage? Garrett: Oh, theres tons, besides the weather we also have things like were a technology company in a state thats actively trying to grow in the technology sector, so theres a ton of economic advantages, incentives and things that come our way that way. I think theres also just this dynamic of were able to be a big fish in a little pond rather than being a little fish in a big pond. That helps us stand out, it helps us really differentiate ourselves from other employers and stuff in the state and it gives us a ton of value going forward. Eric: Hi Emma. Emma: Hey Eric. Eric: What do you love about North Dakota? Emma: Obviously the people. Definitely the hot dish. Eric: So good, right? Emma: So good. Third, the jobs. I actually moved here from Florida because of the job opportunities for millennials. Eric: You dont say? Youre so smart, Emma. Emma: Thanks Eric. Eric: Later. Emma: Later. Eric: Hey Jordan. Jordan: Hey man. Eric: Hows it going? Jordan: So good. Eric: Good. Youve been here a whopping month now, is that correct? Jordan: Thats right, yeah. Eric: Okay, this is the perfect question. Im asking folks why North Dakota and why ? Jordan: First of all, killer team, insanely cool product and its nice to be back in our hometown. Eric: Your hometown, youve got to tell me more here. Jordan: Thats right. Wife and I did Minneapolis thing, did the Denver thing, but theres something about being back in your hometown, family around, AKA built-in babysitters thats just too sweet to pass up. Eric: I got it. So built-in babysitter, check. Helping marketers be more productive, check. Helping them get [sound effect] down, triple check. Jordan: Amen. Eric: I feel you. Take care, man. Youve got to love that a state as notoriously known for its cold winters has suddenly become the hotbed for marketing technology. Im Eric with . Thanks for tuning in to Overheard at and our quest to organize the world one marketing calendar at a time. Yee-ha!

Our Vanishing Nights With My Inner Voice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Our Vanishing Nights With My Inner Voice - Essay Example The tone has a strong academic sound to it. As for â€Å"My Inner Voices,† the writing is casual and conversational. I wrote: â€Å"It’s because the missing school in the morning could cause a lot of troubles and I don’t know, it was just like, do something wrong, you will be popular.† This style follows a conversation that I would have with a friend. Formality is also found in the choice of words or vocabulary. I use scientific and formal words in â€Å"Our Vanishing Nights,† while everyday words are frequent in â€Å"My Inner Voices.† The organization of thoughts strictly follows mechanics and academic writing norms for â€Å"Our Vanishing Nights.† I did not use contractions, and I observed strict academic writing rules. For â€Å"My Inner Voices,† contractions were common, and I wrote like I was talking to a friend only. Hence, the target audiences of the paper affected my writing style. The tone has a strong academic sound t o it. As for â€Å"My Inner Voices,† the writing is casual and conversational. I wrote: â€Å"It’s because the missing school in the morning could cause a lot of troubles and I don’t know, it was just like, do something wrong, you will be popular.† This style follows a conversation that I would have with a friend. Formality is also found in the choice of words or vocabulary. I use scientific and formal words in â€Å"Our Vanishing Nights,† while everyday words are frequent in â€Å"My Inner Voices.† The organization of thoughts strictly follows mechanics and academic writing norms for â€Å"Our Vanishing Nights.† I did not use contractions, and I observed strict academic writing rules. For â€Å"My Inner Voices,† contractions were common, and I wrote like I was talking to a friend only. Hence, the target audiences of the paper affected my writing style. Appeals varied for both papers, where I used logos more in â€Å"Our Vanis hing Nights,† while in â€Å"My Inner Voices,† I focused on ethos and pathos because the former is more on analysis of an academic source, while the latter relies on a portrayal of and reflection on personal events. Relying on an academic source and given the paper’s objectives, I wrote with a strong appeal to logic for â€Å"Our Vanishing Nights.† I wanted scientists to study light pollution further to persuade them, I needed evidence and logical thinking. As for â€Å"My Inner Voices,† I used ethos because I described my own experiences to explain what it means to follow the bad inner voice.

Building compstract The Pazzi Chapel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Building compstract The Pazzi Chapel - Essay Example Il Gesu Church (Church of the Gesu) of the Piazza del Gesà ¹ is situated in the centre of Rome, Italy and much bigger than Pazzi Chapel. Constructed by Vignola from 1568 to 1580 and funded by Allessandro Cardinal Farnese. This thesis compares the research that has been done on the Pazzi Chapel and, in turn, compare it the Il Gesu Church. Thesis statement While the Pazzi Chapel is gaining popularity by the day, there have been a number of attempts to discredits it popularity based on features such as setting, building mass, facades interior, construction, materiality, style and colors. The closest comparison that the Pazzi chapel building can have is the Il Gesu. However, is the Pazzi better than Il Gesu? The construction system of the chapel was loaded bearing masonry, made of concrete masonry blocks. Cement and synthetic adhesives are used as mortar to bond the masonry. The context of the chapel was intended to be a chapter house for religious teaching purposes. The interior and exterior of Pazzi Chapel are controlled by pillar type, which is popular during the Renaissance period. The architect shrewdly uses pillar type structure inside Pazzi Chapel to divide the front colonnade at facade into five, and the middle one is the biggest to separate the colonnade into two parts, and to highlight the center . The Pazzi Chapel, this small but gorgeous building reaches the vertex of the early Renaissance style.3. This chapel is full of rational and peace atmosphere and the constant change of the chapel causes a bright contrast with gothic architecture form. An attribution to the altar that was placed opposite to the entrance reflected from the inside, located at the center of the chapel that is visible from the facade. Six monolithic Corinthian columns symmetrical to each other supported the facade of the chapel, and a semi-circle opening is located in the upper part of the facade. There were no decorations on the column itself, but on the upper part of the facade, religious symbols were carved on the wall and around the dome. There were two narrow bays to the either side of the central bay. Four rectangular panels are located at the either side of the semicircular archivolt. The upper part of the facade was designed for the preparation of revetment. The basic symmetrical geometric form of deposition was used on the facade that was continuing designed on the interior. Differently, Brunelleschi not only used simple geometric from to design the interior part of the chapel, but also re-arranged these geometrical displacement. For example, circular domes were built above the rectangular structure. The ceiling of the chapel was evenly divided into twelve triangle shapes. The walls of the chapel are associated with six fluted Corinthian pilasters. These pilasters were lateral to the narrow bays. The narrow bays support as the medium to the arched window. Not to mention, there was a large rectangular window was built on the rear side of the wall. The window itself reflects the facade. The decorations of the chapel were majorly made in terra cotta, twelve terra cotta Apostles were encircled by the roundels, and twelve niche-shaped moldings were under the Apostles of the lambs. These Apostles were arranged in a group of three placed on the four corners of the chapel faces the compass and the color of all these pilasters, domes, even the chapel were majorly white. All of these arrange symbolized Florence as a heavenly city. Even though the chapel is small,

The Zoot Suit Riots Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Zoot Suit Riots - Essay Example The Zoot Suit Riots In a sense, the Sleepy Lagoon Murders were part of what contributed to the zoot suit riots although they happened a year before the riots started. Sleepy Lagoon was a hangout place for Mexican youth. By day it was a place to swim and by night it was a lovers lane. It was one of the few places that Mexican American youth could go without having a hassle from prejudice. On August 1, 1942 two Mexican youth were sitting in the car talking and they were viciously attacked by what appeared to be a rival gang. The male, Hank Leyvas and his girlfriend were badly beaten. Hank went back to find the youth with reinforcements and attached other youths that were attending a birthday party nearby; Josà © Dà ­az was one of those attending. Dà ­az was killed in the "rumble" and a call to action went out from the Los Angeles Police Department. In the process Leyvas and 21 other Mexican youth were convicted of the murder through the Los Angeles tabloid journals and Leyvas was sentenced to life in S an Quentin. A few months later the zoot suit riots broke out and this would be one of the worse problems in Los Angeles history. In order to understand the zoot suit riots, it is important to understand a little about the zoot suit culture. Zoot suits were a popular dress that African Americans wore during the jazz era. It was a flashy outfit and it was a bit outrageous. It had broad shoulders, a narrow waist and balloon pants. It was a way of expression that let people of color be seen in places that society said they were supposed to be invisible. The Mexican American youth picked up the culture and ran with it.

The Time Surrounding The Lottery Research Paper

The Time Surrounding The Lottery - Research Paper Example The late 1940s, the time when the story was written, was a time of political and social upheaval. Due to the complicated events that took place during and after World War II, and the beginning of the â€Å"Cold War,† many things that had been taken for granted in society were being questioned by people. This led to the creation of Womens Rights movements, but also to the Truman Doctrine and, later, McCarthyism—both movements which supported the status quo. These contradictory movements for change and against it show that â€Å"The Cold War affected almost every aspect of American life.† (â€Å"Introduction†) The story shows a definite nod to the increasing social awareness of women in 1940s America. During World War II, women had begun to work and take on more responsibilities, and they became used to being treated more like equals. After the end of the war, they were expected to go back to being submissive and agreeing to everything their husbands told them to do. Obviously, this did not sit well with many liberated women. This aspect of the story is more of a reflection than a criticism. It can be seen in how the various female characters in the story are critical of the tradition of the lottery. This is obvious from the story, because there are many places where women question the established traditions, like Mrs. Adams, who says that " Some places have already quit lotteries† (Jackson, 308). However, it is equally obvious that the men disagree. This was the same in reality, where many men were opposed to feminism because they wanted to remain socially superior to the other gender. In other words, â€Å"society defined experiences centered around males, with females as mere accessories.† (Feminism) Even though Feminism didn’t really exist until the 1960s, there seem to be very strong elements of it in â€Å"The Lottery† with female characters like Mrs. Adams. The

Personal development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Personal development - Essay Example The thought can be well versed in clear meanings when the change takes place in one’s life through practical application of knowledge in either personal or professional world. The terminology that strikes the mind in relation to behavioral change is Personal Development. The development of potential capabilities, recognition of goals and targets, improving standard of living, and developing economically, personally and professionally all are the characteristics that defines personal development. While an individual works towards the development of his/her behaviors, they consciously or unconsciously may act as a guide or role model for the enhancement of others’ personality as well. In this context, the role of an individual can be of a teacher, coach, trainer, or instructor. An organization can work towards the development of employees’ performance through diverse processes of evaluations, monitoring of work and feedback system. To evaluate if the change has occ urred or not, whether it be personal or institutional, a person needs to design specific visions and outline an agenda for the achievement of aims, as a person is his/her own boss (Rose, 2008). Learning is an essential component in human’s life as it continues since the time of birth until the death. With the passage of time, the person notices a changing trend in his behavior, which initiates from schooling and moves ahead to his professional phase. Throughout his learning journey, one comes across many people with different backgrounds and experiences that influence his performance by a great deal. This can either inspire or encourage an individual to move towards his goals with determination or can leave de-motivating impact that may lead to decline and poor quality of his learning. Motivation is one of the fundamental aspects that lead to increase in possibility of positive learning. Reward is amongst the best examples of motivating one towards achieving his targets becau se it is human psychology that wherever a person finds a chance of gains, his work efficiency increases by a historic proportion. Constant guidance from senior workers and feedback on the quality of the work presented assists in gaining experience because they act as an expertise in the particular field (Rose, 2008). In view of some scholars, learning is â€Å"the process leading to relatively permanent behavioral change or potential behavioral change† (Cotton, 1995). Learning enables humankind to respond to the activities happening in the surroundings. In relation to it, learning also effects one’s perception about the issues due to the reason that it provides with quality information that gives us the knowledge to differentiate between right and wrong. Researchers (Rose, 2008) who have studied the impacts of learning on human behavior termed it as Behaviorism. The learning or a skill that a person attains through any kind of experience, commonly referred as experient ial learning is crucial and critical for change in behaviorism. Every individual has its own niche in the society for which a person works according to his approach and behavior that may have a positive or adverse influence on others’ behaviors. Moreover, the above discussion is justifiable by a real case scenario that has an enduring impact on my life. Initially, I was a person that used to leave a bad influence on my surroundings along with a non-earnest attitude towards work and life. I used to mess around with others and did not pay

ROOM by Emma Donoghue - socialization and affects on development Essay

ROOM by Emma Donoghue - socialization and affects on development - Essay Example Somehow, the developments witnessed by the protagonist, portrayed by Donoghue mirror the Freud’s Oedipus Complex theory, which claims to be child’s maintaining physical and sentimental attraction to the parent of his/her opposite gender. Recent studies endorse the very notion that psychodynamic and person-centered methodologies have obtained profound popularity during twentieth century onward with regards to personality development perspectives. One of the most important reasons behind applying these approaches includes the exploration of the factors playing vital role in the personality development and formation during the initial years of human life. Hence, the works created by the writers, poets, philosophers, painters and film directors etc are analyzed and investigated into by keeping in view the psychological approaches articulated by the theorists while determining the factors of cognitive and personality developmental processes. Famous early 20th century American psychologist has articulated his Hierarchy of Needs Theory, where he has discussed the nature of the basic human needs and essentiality of the fulfillment of these needs for the adequate growth of the individuals. Five motivational factors, according to Maslow, include physiological, safety, social, ego and self-actualization. Physiological needs are those, which come under the definition of basic necessities of life i.e. food, clothing, and shelter, all of which are the needs without which man is unable to survive even for long. The second motivational factor i.e. safety discusses the sense of protection man requires for his mental peace and physical well-being.

Personal development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Personal development - Essay Example The thought can be well versed in clear meanings when the change takes place in one’s life through practical application of knowledge in either personal or professional world. The terminology that strikes the mind in relation to behavioral change is Personal Development. The development of potential capabilities, recognition of goals and targets, improving standard of living, and developing economically, personally and professionally all are the characteristics that defines personal development. While an individual works towards the development of his/her behaviors, they consciously or unconsciously may act as a guide or role model for the enhancement of others’ personality as well. In this context, the role of an individual can be of a teacher, coach, trainer, or instructor. An organization can work towards the development of employees’ performance through diverse processes of evaluations, monitoring of work and feedback system. To evaluate if the change has occ urred or not, whether it be personal or institutional, a person needs to design specific visions and outline an agenda for the achievement of aims, as a person is his/her own boss (Rose, 2008). Learning is an essential component in human’s life as it continues since the time of birth until the death. With the passage of time, the person notices a changing trend in his behavior, which initiates from schooling and moves ahead to his professional phase. Throughout his learning journey, one comes across many people with different backgrounds and experiences that influence his performance by a great deal. This can either inspire or encourage an individual to move towards his goals with determination or can leave de-motivating impact that may lead to decline and poor quality of his learning. Motivation is one of the fundamental aspects that lead to increase in possibility of positive learning. Reward is amongst the best examples of motivating one towards achieving his targets becau se it is human psychology that wherever a person finds a chance of gains, his work efficiency increases by a historic proportion. Constant guidance from senior workers and feedback on the quality of the work presented assists in gaining experience because they act as an expertise in the particular field (Rose, 2008). In view of some scholars, learning is â€Å"the process leading to relatively permanent behavioral change or potential behavioral change† (Cotton, 1995). Learning enables humankind to respond to the activities happening in the surroundings. In relation to it, learning also effects one’s perception about the issues due to the reason that it provides with quality information that gives us the knowledge to differentiate between right and wrong. Researchers (Rose, 2008) who have studied the impacts of learning on human behavior termed it as Behaviorism. The learning or a skill that a person attains through any kind of experience, commonly referred as experient ial learning is crucial and critical for change in behaviorism. Every individual has its own niche in the society for which a person works according to his approach and behavior that may have a positive or adverse influence on others’ behaviors. Moreover, the above discussion is justifiable by a real case scenario that has an enduring impact on my life. Initially, I was a person that used to leave a bad influence on my surroundings along with a non-earnest attitude towards work and life. I used to mess around with others and did not pay

A Discharge Plan for an Elderly Patient Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A Discharge Plan for an Elderly Patient - Essay Example Even though Mr. Trosack is hopeful of going back home and living a normal life where he goes to work in his bakery, there are concerns about his mobility, especially the stairs and pain control issues. He would have been helped by his son and daughter in law but they have very tight working schedules that force them to work long hours. His son and daughter in law doubt the diagnosis of Mr. Trosack’s diabetes. Their effectiveness of caring for him is therefore questionable in regard to giving him his new medication and medication regimen. It also raises concerns about moving Mr. Trosack from his long time home, church participation and routine lifestyle since this would cause a lot of anxiety for Mr. Trosack. A lot of safety factors also need to be taken into consideration. These include the fact that his house is cluttered, therefore making difficult for him to move around with a walker. It also increases the chance that he might fall again. Mr. Trosack’s bathroom does not have any safety features that will ensure his safety. He has a lot of expired medication and foods in the refrigerator. There needs to be an interdisciplinary team that will be responsible for designing the best discharge plan for Mr. Trosack. The team should have a manager, a physical therapist, a social worker, a nurse and a physician. The role of the physician would be to provide input on the physical capacity of Mr. Trosack and his expectations on of progress, safe medical equipment, outpatient physical therapy and order medication. The physical therapist would be responsible for providing input on the physical capabilities of Mr. Trosack such as his tolerance level to activities, his strength, mobility and endurance. The role of the primary nurse...This paper will report on the most appropriate discharge placement for an elderly patient by the name Mr. Trosack. Mr. Trosack is set to be discharged from hospital where he underwent a total hip replacement surgery. This case st udy revolves around Mr. Trosack, a 72-year old man who is recovering from a hip surgery that he recently underwent. This paper is a discharge plan for Mr. Trosack so as to ensure that his discharge is faced with the least issues possible. So far, Mr. Trosack’s recovery is going well and he is ambulating well using a walker. Because of this, Mr. Trosack can finally be discharged from hospital so that he can go and continue with his recovery at home. It is therefore the duty of the healthcare team to develop a workable discharge plan for the patient. Mr. Trosack is known to guard his independence strongly. This is evident in the fact that for two years now, since the passing of his wife of very many years, he has been living alone. He has spent most this time living in the same apartment. Mr. Trojack works in a bakery that he jointly owns with his brother Karl. He is a very religious person who is keen on attending church services and participating in church activities. He rare ly gets adequate time to socialize with his son and daughter in law because they do not participate in church activities and have very long working hours. In conclusion, the recovery plan of Mr. Trosack can ensure that he returns home and continues with his recovery process. There should be other support systems to ensure that Mr. Trosack recovers well from home.

Pioneer Square Observation Report Essay Example for Free

Pioneer Square Observation Report Essay In Pioneer square there are many places to sit and observe the people whom pass by, but perhaps one of the most interesting places to go is the food court inside the pioneer square mall. I found that the best time to observe all the micro cultures was at lunch time, when people take a break from their busy lives to come and enjoy a lunch from a variety of choices. The environment is one of the other things that I was able to notice right away, not only the setting but also how the environment affects the people at the food court, and the one thing that stood out the most while I observing the food court was the authority within the court. One of the first things I was set out to find while doing the observation in the food court of the Pioneer Square mall was to find the micro cultures. I was able to observe three major micro cultures. There were people who passed by in a hurry, it seemed like they had somewhere to be. They seemed to go by so fast with a phone in their ear, or in their hands to even notice the other people surrounding them. The second micro culture I was able study was the people ordering from various places in the food court. The most common thing I noticed within this micro culture was the way they each stood still for a while as if they were weighing their options of all the food choices they had, then once they ordered their food would sit; whether it was in the lower part or on the stage of the food court, and after that they all seemed to do the same thing. They talked among themselves, and when done they cleaned their space and left. The last and the most obvious micro culture within the food court were the employees working in their little space of a restaurant. Within this micro culture the people seemed very quiet as the food court was empty but as lunch time came around and people started to appear, they seemed to cheer up. When people started coming around the food court into their restaurant, they interacted with the people in a very enthusiastic way, and some would start a conversation or offer free samples all in order to pull people into their restaurant. I was also able to notice that the environment had a lot to do with the actions of people. The environment in the food court was the first thing that stood out as I entered. The environment was serene and very unique from most food courts. They were playing jazz music in the background, which to me made it seem like it kept the food court peaceful and enjoyable. While I was sitting there I was able to notice that the food court was designed to complement the calmness of the environment with its hanging lights, wooden chairs, and what seemed like black granite tables, with a large fountain running in the middle of the food court, where many people eating liked to stare at its beauty. The fountain was something incapable of missing. Another thing that was hard to miss in the food court while eating, was the authority with the mall cops who were passing by every now and then. Surprisingly I was able to find was that they were very friendly to everyone, and in return the public was very respectful and friendly back. I believe that the respect and friendliness that comes from the public comes mainly because of the fact that the mall cops have power, and they have the authority to take you out of the mall, so the public obeys by their rules. To do this observation at its fullest I had to put my ethnocentrism away and be very open minded about the observations I was to do. Doing this was what made it possible for me to get all these observations of the micro cultures, environment, and the authority within a food court at Pioneer Square mall.

Merits And Demerits Of Utilitarianism

Merits And Demerits Of Utilitarianism Over the history of philosophy, utilitarianism has been widely regarded as an influential and convincing approach to normative ethics. It would not be possible to dissect and thoroughly discuss the many varieties of utilitarian ethics instead I will attempt to discuss the theory in broader less distinctive terms, and in particular the views of prominent utilitarian theorists John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham. Utilitarianism is generally held to be the view that the morally right action is the action that produces the most good. There are many ways to understand Utilitarianism as a code of ethics. It is important however to bear in mind that the theory exists as a form of consequentialism whereby for an action to be right, the consequences produced must be good or desirable. Essentially stripped of most underlying complexities utilitarianism is essentially about maximising the good for the greatest number of people. Utilitarianism as described by Bentham is the greatest happiness or greatest felicity principle. Mill believed that for an action to be deemed right it must promote or result in happiness, likewise a wrong action would be one that brings about displeasure. However this could be considered a quite egocentric and self satisfying claim if it were not for the important establishment that it is not the facilitators own happiness that matters but the happiness of a majority. Personally it seems that utilitarianism achieves its goals by promoting moral values of honour so that all individuals work to serve the interests of others, in my view, an unrealistic expectation. In this sense it could be regarded as a standard for moral behaviour. Deontological ethics provide a powerful contrast to utilitarianism, which does not place utmost importance on the consequence of an action when determining the moral validity of an action. Utilitarianism as a concept essentially determines the moral worth of an action by its usefulness. If your action maximizes utility or usefulness to a large number of people it is deemed good. It is thus a form of consequentialism, (the moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome.) Jeremy Bentham is largely credited with developing a structured theory on Utilitarianism. Whilst his initial input is invaluable it would be ignorant to disregard the contributions of the man who greatly improved upon Benthams theories, John Stuart Mill. Both Bentham and Mill sought to use utilitarianism to help structure society. Mill believed we had rights if they were underwritten by utility. John Stuart Mill developed Benthams theory of utilitarianism and despite disagreeing with part of Benthams work, especially on the nature of happiness, they were similar. Bentham claimed that there were no qualitative differences between pleasures, only quantitative ones. Mill believed Benthams hedonism was too egalitarian. His view that unsophisticated pleasures particularly those of a sensual nature, were just as good as more sophisticated and complex pleasures conflicted strongly with Mills view of clear differentiation between pleasures. Benthams belief that qualitative differences in pleasures were nonexistent left him open to criticism that human pleasures were of no more value than animal pleasures. By this admission it was believed if there could be no differentiation of pleasures we were as morally complex as the common pig, tied to their sentience. Mills rule utilitarianism involves encouraging people to undertake pleasurable activites as long as they belong to what he deems a higher pleasure, such as reading a piece of well articulated philosophy or attending the opera. His notion of what constitutes a higher pleasure is dictated by certain class values and shows an arrogance in this assumption of ordering of pleasures. only the individual can truly determine the level of pleasure. His presumption that intellectual pleasures are more satisfactory and desirable than those of a more sensual nature also reveal a certain bias of character. It seems rationale that the decision would be left to a person who has experienced both à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"lower and higherà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  pleasures to decide what is more fulfilling and in this regard, whilst I do not certainly know i can make an educated guess he led a life without much of the more sensual pleasure. To some this seems to mean that Mill really wasnt a h edonistic utilitarian. Maybe it is simply the degree of knowledge an individual has with the activity that determines the amount of pleasure they can receive from it, therefore their pleasure is limited by their socialisation. But I would propose that the less educated pleasure of drinking a beer in a pub and watching sport, compared to watching the opera and conversing in an intellectual nature have no difference if ones highest pleasure in both cases stated is simply that. By the same token, to remove a lower socio economic class citizen and place them within the opera which has no cultural context or relevance, they would find it a highly dissatisfying pleasure. There is no set scale of validating higher and lower pleasures, for the individual interpretation ranges too greatly. Instead the greatest pleasure you experience becomes at the top of your individual rankings and depending on your socialisation you will likewise rank all other experiences you encounter. Whilst it is true a lower class citizen may not encounter a broadened range of intellectually stimulating pleasures, this is not to say they need to in order to be fulfilled. Good and pleasure are ratified by the person that experiences them and the culture they live in. It can be said in critique of Utilitarianism that it only looks at the consequences of actions, and disregards the intention that motivate them. This today seems like a huge moral oversight, especially regarding the legal system for where for one to be proven guilty upon criminal charges both, Actus Reus-the guilty act- and Mens Rea-the guilty mind must be present. Certain crimes such as man slaughter and rape do not require Mens Rea but this is an exception. It would seem that society does not place a greater importance upon the intention of the act over the consequence consistently, rather it is situation dependent. However an interesting contradiction, an action with bad intentions that inadvertently causes overall good is not judged so harshly. Many utilitarians argue that utilitarianism, although it is consequentalist, is not so simply restricted. While the end product of a negatively motivated action may result in good (such as the collective vigilante action to kill a paedophi le) this does not mean utilitarians promote negative or hateful actions to produce a greater good. In this sense, intentions are important to utilitarians, in as much as they tend to lead to certain actions, which themselves lead to certain outcomes. Utilitarianism can be as complex as the interpretation and thought of the individual applying it to an ethical situation. For every situation the choice between actions is straightforward, choose the action that results in the greatest utility. However determining what act will have the greatest benefit can be rather more difficult. Our perceptions of usefulness may differ, as most certainly does the individual differ in their ideas of good. Certainly a well functioning society promotes an overarching theme of what is right or good but this does not include all perspectives. Utilitarianism does not care for the minority opinion. If an action can procure greatest good for a greater amount of people but causes pain and suffering to a smaller population in the process, is it justifiable? Does the number or ratio of people pleased to dissatisfied have an effect? Can we make the value of a human life, rights, or opinion quantifiable? It is not always at the beginning of an action what the outcome will be, nor is it always feasible to accurately judge who and how it will affect people. Judging an action by the outcome is therefore hard to do before the consequences are clear; surely it seems better to judge an action by its intention, even though there are also problems with this. Furthermore the calculations required to adequately make an informed judgement based upon utilitarian ethics can be complex and time consuming. In some instances, the people making decisions based upon utilitarian ethics may have no emotional interest. Whilst from a bias point of view this would seem sensible, is it really a humane thing to calculate issues pertaining to humans without emotion? It seems to some point illogical, computerised and to some point a product of a desensitised age. In fact many individuals faced with decisions of importance may not have the ethical or moral intelligence to adequately navigate a complex issue requiring ethical deliberation; utilitarianism would be d angerous in the hands of policy makers or people of power who have limited capacity to think carefully. It can simply offer too easy a solution to a much more complex issue. In response to objections such as these, certain supporters of utilitarianism have put forth a modification of the theory. The original form of Utilitarianism that has so many flaws is to be called Act utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism declares that each individual action is to be assessed directly in terms of the utility principle. A desirable and much needed improvement is rule utilitarianism where about behaviour is evaluated by rules that, if universally followed would lead to the greatest good for the greatest number. Thus, rule utilitarianism could address some of the flaws previously highlighted by using the utility principle to validate and give substance to the rules that protected essential human rights and the universal prohibition of certain actions. None the less this in turn raises problems, if the justification of the rule that protects human rights is found in the utility principle, what about the exception where breaching these rights leads to the attainment of the greatest good for the greatest number? It seems as if rule utilitarianism is no longer utilitarianism in the true sense of the word. For it to be regarded as such, it must maintain the utility principle as its definitive standard, and no rules or rights designed to protect the greatest number can stand in its way. This is where Act utilitarianism must once again be called into place, despite its many flaws. Despite the inconvenient contradiction within rule utilitarianism, a system of rules would help a majority of the time, even if they only served in an advisory capacity. It would help make choices, based upon prior occurrences, and negate the need for continuous calculations in most but not all situations. Somewhat similar to case law where one persons actions and the courts determination upon them set precedent for the next issue that similarly arises. Indeed this invokes instant opposition to the idea based upon the fact situations should be dealt with on individual merit but to proceed there must be compromises. I believe that whilst Utilitarianism is in theory understandable and rational, it is best left to the few that are capable of applying it successfully. I could not base an entire lifes decisions of the basis of utility, I would not end up a happy being, and I believe that no one could, constantly thinking of the greater good, we are selfish creatures. The thought of those in power using utilitarianism to determine appropriate courses of actions in certain ethical situations unsettles me. Especially regarding contentious issues such as asylum seekers, where the happiness or desires of the majority are not always well informed. The greatest good is rarely served accurately when the uninformed or misguided masses follow rules out of duty and leave the difficult and subtle calculations solely to those in authority. This is a dangerous attitude and far from involving or considered. There becomes too much control vested in those with positions of power and in the hands of a dictator the masses could easily suffer. In conclusion Utilitarianism as a normative code of ethics is only as useful as the person who interprets and uses it. It is but a tool to navigate ethical considerations, one that must be used knowing fully the positives and negatives to be weighed. Perhaps it is a code of ethics that is valuable but imperfect for humans; we are in our own judgement never perfect, we cannot make decisions that please everyone; this is as far as I can see in difficult situations, impossible. Instead it is in our best interests to act for the greater good, as what would be the sense in displeasing the majority unless the majority is morally repugnant and evil. Somehow this consideration scares me, for surely there will come a time where my wills are no longer in the best interests of the majority. Do my opinion and feelings no longer count to a utilitarian decision maker? This is certainly a complication, but with sound reasoning and sensible interpretation utilitarianism will work, but only for those whose intentions coincide with the majority. Utilitarianism will always be rationalised and beneficial, even if only for the greater good.

The Death Penalty;Does It Deter Crime :: essays research papers

Does the Death Penalty Deter Crime? Scientific studies have consistently failed to find convincing evidence that the death penalty deters crime more effectively than other punishments. The most recent survey of research findings on the relation between the death penalty and homicide rates, conducted for the United Nations in 1988 and updated in 1996, concluded: "Research has failed to provide scientific proof that executions have a greater deterrent effect than life imprisonment and such proof is unlikely to be forthcoming. The evidence as a whole still gives no positive support to the deterrent hypothesis..." (Reference: Roger Hood, The Death Penalty: A World-wide Perspective, Oxford, Clarendon Press, revised edition, 1996, p. 238, paragraph 328) w.web.amnesty.org The death penalty has never deterred crime. When the death penalty was reinstated in the 1970’s crime rates were sky high. In research conducted for the United Nations in 1996, crime rates were the same as those in the 70’s. Depending on the exact year since the death penalty was reinstated in the U.S. crime rates have dipped or risen 10-15%. Normally the ladder. In the United Sates we call the death penalty, capital punishment. The word capital speaks of the head. This is because throughout history the most common way of executing criminals was by severing the head. Now when I hear capital punishment I will be reminded of something even more grotesque and morbid than previously. In a survey taken by prisoners serving life terms, 55-60% said that they would have rather received the death penalty than life terms. www.religioustolerance.org/execute.htm It seems to me that, since more prisoners would prefer to be killed, it is a lesser form of punishment. However that by no means makes this cruel and degrading form of punishment acceptable. We are denying the right of life. Regardless of the fact that those on death row did take that right away from another human being, it is not our place to take theirs.

Carpets And Health Issues Environmental Sciences Essay

The survey aims to find the impact of wall to palisade rug in schools on the wellness of wheezing kids in the Netherlands. By concentrating on a population of diagnosed wheezing and mite allergic kids, the survey chiefly examined the concentration of Der P I – the major allergen produced by dust touchs in Europe – in both life and school environment. The consequences of the survey showed that concentration of Der P I in carpeted or non-carpeted school floors is rather low. In fact, concentration of Der P I in brooding floors is much higher than that in carpeted or non-carpeted school floors, therefore reasoning that there is no evident connexion between wall to palisade rug in schools and impairment of kids ‘s asthma symptoms. Study focused on merely one allergen as stated! Nriagu, J. , et Al. 1999. Prevalence of asthma and respiratory symptoms in South-central Durban, South Africa. European Journal of Epidemiology, 15, ( 8 ) : 747-755 The survey aims to find the prevalence of respiratory and asthma symptoms in Durban, by exhaustively questioning random portion of the population. Based on the replies given, the survey concludes that there is no evident connexion between asthma in kids and the usage of rugs. Durban is a to a great extent polluted country – people evidently consider pollution a much more important subscriber to asthma! Dieted, R. , Hedge, A. 1996. Toxicological considerations in measuring indoor air quality and human wellness: Impact of new rug emanations. Critical reappraisals in toxicology, 26, ( 6 ) :633-707 The survey provides an overview of the surveies carried out boulder clay 1996 refering toxicological impact of new rug emanations on IAQ and human wellness, with the purpose of sum uping the scientific cognition so far. Taking everything into history, the survey concludes that non merely do new rugs emit entire VOCs at really low degrees, but these emanations significantly decay and fall at hint degree within a hebdomad. Furthermore, toxicological appraisals of dominant VOCs in rug emanations indicate concentration of compounds below thresholds for toxicity. Based on the above mentioned, the survey suggests that VOC emanations from new rugs are far from presenting a wellness hazard.ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CARTETS AND ASTHMA OR ALLERGIESKrieger, J.W. , et Al. 2000. Asthma and the place environment of low-income urban kids: Preliminary findings from the Seattle – King County healthy places project. Journal of urban wellness, 77, ( 1 ) : 50-67 The survey describes how indoor environmental conditions are connected to asthma triggers among kids in a low-income urban country like Seattle/King County. Data was obtained from interviews with the caretakers of kids aged 4-12 old ages with relentless asthma life in really hapless families, while place reviews provided auxiliary information. Overall, it is proven that hapless life conditions and deficient financess create an indoor environment that favors substandard lodging, moistness and deficiency of hygiene. In such occasions, even rugs could go harmful dust reservoirs, since normally no peculiar attention is taken for their care – sometimes there is non even a vacuity cleaner available. As a affair of fact, 76.8 % of kids ‘s sleeping rooms had rugs, which due to hapless care, wet, deficient airing and accrued dust, contribute to the exposure to all kinds of asthma and allergies triggers. Makes sense! Platts-Mills, T.A. , et Al. 1996. Changing constructs of allergic disease: the effort to maintain up with existent alterations in life styles. Journal of Allergy & A ; Clinical Immunology, 98, ( 6 ) : 297-306. The survey assumes that the debut of rugs as lasting fixtures may hold affected the development of allergic reactions and asthma over the last century. That is to state, it is assumed that, while till the early 1900s rugs were on a regular basis beaten and put in storage during the summer, the innovation of vacuity cleansing agent resulted in rugs being used as lasting fixtures, without though being every bit clean as earlier. The survey besides implies that since back in the 1900s rugs were unusual in lodging of low-income households, the 1s which were owned by affluent households were unbroken clean. Premises based on historical alterations in life style! Norback, D. , et Al. 1995. Asthmatic symptoms and volatile organic compounds, methanal and C dioxide in homes. Occupational and environmental medical specialty, 52, ( 6 ) : 388-395 The survey examines the relation between symptoms of asthma, constructing features and indoor concentration of volatile organic compounds in Uppsala. The methodological analysis concerned the random choice of both wheezing and non-asthmatic objects and the review of their houses in order to mensurate room temperature, air humidness, VOCs, respirable dust, and C dioxide concentration. In add-on, all the objects underwent a series of clinical trials. Sing rugs, the consequences of the survey indicate a strong connexion between nocturnal shortness of breath and wall to palisade rug, irrespective of the objects ‘ age, sex, or smoking wonts. Furthermore, formaldehyde concentration was found to be higher in homes with wall to palisade rug, while the effects of house dust touchs and carpeting on nocturnal thorax stringency were important even when the effects of methanal and VOCs were controlled. Finally, the survey suggests that wall to palisade rugs should be avoided, since they act as terminals for assorted types of pollutants. Presence of wall to palisade rugs merely in 18 % of the homes – how dependable is that per centum? More information about the quality of the rugs would be utile! The survey indicates a strong connexion between rugs and nocturnal shortness of breath – nevertheless the extent to which this connexion leads to severe wellness hazards is non clarified. Furthermore small information is given about the province of the houses, ie clean or muffle – since merely 16 % had seeable marks of moistness, most of them sound as if they were in a good province. Since Sweden is known to be a affluent state, it could be assumed that many rugs are of new engineering – does this play any peculiar function? hypertext transfer protocol: //www.carpet-rug.org/news-room/press-releases/010830_myths.cfmMyth No. 1â€Å" There are wellness hazards associated with rug. †Truth:An extended toxicological appraisal of constituents of rug concluded that the chemicals in rug pose no wellness hazards of public concern.Mention:In 1994, Environ Corporation of Arlington, Virginia, prepared a survey, A Safety Assessment of Components of and Emissions from Carpets. The decision was: â€Å" For the chemicals identified as being present in, but non emitted from rug, there is no ground to believe that they present any wellness hazard of public concern. For chemicals identified as being from rug, no malignant neoplastic disease hazard of public wellness concern is predicted for any chemical separately, or when the predicted upper bound on hazard is added for all possible carcinogens. Similarly, no non-carcinogenic effects of public wellness concern would be anticipated. †Myth No. 2â€Å" Mold and mold can turn in rug. †Truth:Mold and mold exist ONLY where there is extra wet and soil coupled with hapless cleansing and care wonts. Mold growing can happen on any surfacefrom windowpanes to carpetthat is non decently maintained and when wet is utmost. Extinguishing beginnings of inordinate wet, such as H2O leaks, and commanding humidness greatly offset the possible for cast to turn.Mention:In a survey conducted by HOST/Racine Industries, six Florida schools were checked for indoor air jobs triggered by high humidness and decreased airing. Dust-lined, mouldy canals and plumbing leaks onto ceiling tiles allowed cast to turn and released 1000000s of spores into the air. The research supported that cast and mold are non associated with a peculiar surface, such as rug.Myth No. 3â€Å" Rug is a cause of the asthma and allergy addition. †Truth:Comparison informations from Sweden supports that there is no nexus between rug use and the incidence of asthma or allergic reactio ns. CRI is non cognizant of any published scientific research showing a nexus between rug and asthma or allergic reactions.Mention:A survey, based on historical figures for 10 old ages, was reported by scientists at the Swedish Institute of Fibre and Polymer Research. They found that while the usage of rug in Sweden had steadily decreased since 1975, the happenings of allergic reactions in the general population had increased. Carpet Usage & A ; Allergic Reactions in Sweden, 1975-1990Myth No. 4â€Å" Rug is a sink for allergy-causing substances. †Truth:This is true as stated. The critical point, nevertheless, is frequently missed. Carpet holds allergen-causing substances tightly and, as a consequence, keeps allergens from going airborne, minimising the degree of allergens in the external respiration zone. This translates to take down exposure potency. The allergens held by rugs filter-like consequence may be removed by hoovering, reviewing the filter-like belongingss of the rug to let more material to be removed from the air. Vacuuming mattresses, rug, and upholstery one time or twice a hebdomad removed allergens, including dust mite fecesa known beginning of allergen. It is of import to utilize the proper type of vacuity to minimise re-suspending allergens.Mention:InA Carpet and Airborne Allergens, A Literature Review, Dr. Alan Luedtke refers to the consequences of a survey aimed at finding the con sequence of everyday hoovering cleansing that indicate frequent vacuity cleansing over a short clip significantly reduces house dust and touch allergen degrees in rugs. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) surveies indicate the effectivity of rug in cut downing airborne atoms. This information indicates that dirt in rug is significantly reduced following cleansing. Visit CRIs web site to larn about the Green Label Vacuum Cleaner IAQ Testing Program that approves vacuity cleaner theoretical accounts that are most effectual in dirt remotion and dust containment, while maintaining rug looking good.Myth No. 5â€Å" Rug is a beginning of indoor quality ( IAQ ) jobs. †Truth:As noted antecedently, an extended toxicological appraisal of constituents of, and emanations from, rug concluded that the chemicals in rug â€Å" present no wellness hazards of public wellness concern. † Further, allergens in rug may be removed by hoovering. Vacuum cleaner machines bearing the CRI IAQ Green Label meet scientifically established criterions for dirt remotion and dust containment and aid keep good rug visual aspect.Mention:EPA/RTIA Total Building Cleanin g Effectiveness StudyA provinces, â€Å" Organized cleansing contributes to decrease of atom VOCs and biological pollutants 50 % + . † Besides referenced is the antecedently mentioned 1994 study from the Environ Corporation, Safety AssessmentA of Components of and Emissions from Rugs.Myth No. 6â€Å" Rug is more expensive and harder to keep than hard-floor surfaces. †Truth:Properly maintained rug merely needs hoovering one time or twice hebdomadal and periodic extraction cleansing. The sweeping, swabbing, depriving, waxing, and buffing that difficult surface floors demand are more arduous and dearly-won.Mention:A Building Office Managers Association ( BOMA ) survey found hard-surface floors require two-and-a-half times more one-year cleansing than rug. Consumers may bespeak CRIs brochuresA Carpet, the Educated Choice forA Schools, Carpet Maintenance for School Facilities, andA Use Life CostA Analysis for Commercial FacilitiesA to larn about the life-cycle cost analysis and the value rug delivers through heat, comfort, safety, and acoustics in the schoolroom and at place.Myth No. 7â€Å" Rug is environmentally non-sustainable. †Truth:CRI member companies, stand foring over 90 per centum of the industrys makers, have an first-class path record over the last twelve old ages of diminishing wastes produced and energy consumed, bettering the industrys sustainability.Mention:The Rug and Rug InstitutesA Sustainability Report, 2001A inside informations theA industrys environmental attempts.Myth No. 8â€Å" Rug is a major emitter of volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) . †Truth:Most new interior trappingss and edifice stuffs emit VOCs for a period of clip. Emissions from new rug are among the lowest of any families indoor trappingss, and most VOCs dissipate within 24 hourseven faster with good airing.Mention:To farther minimise other IAQ concerns, stipulate low-emitting merchandises, including CRI Green Label rug, shock absorber, and adhesive, when choosing family merchandises and trappingss.Myth No. 9â€Å" Formaldehyde is used in the production of new rug. †Truth:Formaldehyde is non used in the rug fabrication procedure. It is non emitted from new rug.Mention:An article published in 1989 in theA American Textile Chemist and ColoristsA JournalA stated that research conducted by the School of Textile Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, under Dr. Wayne Tincher and other research workers dispelled this widely-held myth. In add-on, the CRI Indoor Air Quality Testing Programs specifically monitor for formaldehyde emanation from new rug, rug shock absorber, and installing adhesives as portion of the industrys confidence to the populace of the absence of this chemical in these merchandises.Myth No. 10â€Å" Latex in rug produces allergic reactions. †Truth:The latex that holds the fibres and endorsing together in broadloom rug is man-made. Man-made latex is non associated with the allergic reactions of n atural latex, which are caused by the proteins found in natural latex.

Q: Contrast English with One Other Language with Respect to Two Particular Points of Grammar or Vocabulary. with Reference to That Point of Grammar/Vocabulary, State How Native Speakers of These Languages Would Be

Q: Contrast English with one other language with respect to TWO particular points of grammar or vocabulary. With reference to that point of grammar/vocabulary, state how native speakers of these languages would be predicted to differ in their thinking or perception if we accept the linguistic relativity hypothesis. How might you test this prediction experimentally? This essay will discuss the linguistic relativity hypothesis contrasting the English language with the most common Chinese dialect, Mandarin.The question of whether or not the language we speak shapes how we view the world has interested the fields of anthropology, psychology and linguistics for many years. Using two aspects of vocabulary, which I have chosen to be that of ‘space’ and ‘time’, I will attempt to predict how native Mandarin and English speakers may differ in their conceptions of the sequential order of time. Following these predictions I will outline a proposed method as to test the predictions experimentally. A definition and brief history of how the linguistic relativity hypothesis developed into what it is today is the necessary starting platform for this essay.Today and indeed spanning back through this century, Benjamin Lee Whorf is most commonly associated with the hypothesis of linguistic relativity. (Slobin, 1996, p. 70). However it is due to the arguments and advancing hypotheses of Hamann, Herder, Humboldt, Boas and Sapir that brought about today’s view of linguistic relativism (Gumperz & Levinson, 1996, p. 2). Hamann was the first German philosopher to bring light and discussion to the relationship of language and cognitive thinking. In 1762 Hamann recorded many ideas with attribute to linguistic relativism in his work ‘Kreuzzuge des Philologen’.Here Hamann states how â€Å"Language did not originate from thought, but its origin had been prior to thought, for thought presupposes a language in which it might manifest itself† (Beek, 2005, p. 7). Herder was Hamann’s student and it is visible in his work that he was influenced by the teachings of Hamann. The progression of this discussion began as Herder believed that language was a result of psychological, historical and natural forces, (McAfee, 2004, p. 28), and had no divine origin as thought by Hamann. Whorf also shared this belief among others with Herder. Whorf put such eliefs into his studies, the prevalent shared theory being that â€Å"external features of a particular language could provide clues to its inner character† (McAfee, 2004, p. 28). The 19th century paved way for the German philosopher and language theorist, Humboldt. Whorf drew many of his theories from those of Humboldt’s. Humboldt strongly believed that language and thought were one and that with the absence of language, cognition could not be articulated clearly, (McAfee 2004, p. 28). Humboldt is the first mentioned in this essay to seek a substantial amount of evidence in order to prove or further predict his thoughts on linguistic relativity.Due to lack of concrete information present in the linguistic comparative research field, Humboldt backed up his claims by using evidence from non-western languages (Beek 2005, p. 8). One of his studies examined the different amount of words for the animal ‘elephant’, in the English and Sanskrit languages. He found that in comparison to the English word ‘elephant’ which carries only one meaning, there were several words for elephant in the Sanskrit language denoting many meanings. His concluding thoughts on this were that because of the differences in their vocabulary, the English and the Sanskrit would perceive the animal differently.This led Humboldt to further believe that each culture had its own world view, a theory known and adapted by Whorf as ‘Weltanschauung’ (McAfee, 2004, p. 29) Humboldt’s theory ‘Weltanschauung’ was brought to Ame rica by the founder of the American School of Anthropology, Boas. This was due to the fact that Boas shared Humboldt’s view that each culture had a distinct identity and could only be fully understood through the study of its history, society, traditions and of course language (McAfee, 2004, p. 9). Boas, teacher of Sapir (Sapir, teacher of Whorf), was credited by Whorf with his theory that different exotic cultures exemplify different methods of thinking. It was Sapir that introduced Whorf to the claims made by his teacher, Boas. Whorf took this theory and altered it, stating that unlike Boas, he felt that it was linguistic structures rather than conceptual differences that led to different world views of different cultures (McAfee 2004, p. 29).Sapir argues that through his article entitled â€Å"The status of linguistics as a science† it is the language of a society that shapes the world we live in. Sapir blatantly states that human beings are â€Å"at the mercy† of the language they speak. Whorf, learning and drawing from each of his predecessors gave meaning to his hypothesis of linguistic relativity where he believes that it is the different grammars of languages that lead to different types of observations and evaluations of â€Å"externally different facts of observation† (Gumperz & Levinson, 1996, p. 6).Therefor it can clearly be seen that although the linguistic relativity hypothesis has come to being more commonly known as the ‘Whorfian Hypothesis’, it is not only Whorf who should be accredited with the hypothesis, but all minds that lead to the final wordings of Whorf. However, in today’s society and with the advancement of cognitive science, Whorf’s claims cannot stand alone. His view has been dissipated. Now leading the research are Lera Boroditsky, John A. Lucy and Stephen C. Levinson. These linguists are concerned with answering the question â€Å"Does language shape thought? , and relying m ore on evidence than thoughts and theories. This essay will conform to the modern resurgence of the question â€Å"Does language shape thought? † Different languages have different vocabularies. Do people of different languages view the world differently because of their respective vocabularies? More specifically, does the differing vocabulary associated with space and time associated with different languages affect the speaker’s cognitive conceptions of the sequential order of time? Of course, many aspects of time are common to all languages and therefor cultures.For example, yesterday is in the past and tomorrow is in the future. Indeed these concepts are universal across all languages. However, what is not universally accepted by all languages regarding the above statement is the sequential order of yesterday and tomorrow. For native English speakers, tomorrow would be thought to be in front of you, forward. Yesterday would be thought to be behind you, backwards. Th is is due to the use of the English language’s spatial terms representing time. ‘In front’ and ‘behind’ are spatial terms that shape the thoughts of English people’s perception of time.This statement is meaningless without the comparison of another language with different conceptions of special awareness involving time. Mandarin. Mandarin also uses the spatial terms ‘in front’ (‘qian’) and ‘behind’ (‘Beihou’) when talking about time. However, unlike the English language, Mandarin uses vertical spatial morphemes to talk about the order of events, for example, tomorrow, yesterday, next month, last year etc. Boroditsky (2011, p. 1305-1328) Events that are yet to happen i. e. in the future are thought to be ‘up’ (‘shang’) and events in that have already happened i. . past events are thought to be ‘down’ (‘xia’) (Boroditsky et al, 2010, p. 1). Th ere are some minor cases where English speakers do refer to time using vertical spatial terms, e. g. â€Å"Things will be better down the line. † However it has been proven that Mandarin speakers think about time vertically more frequently than English speakers do (Boroditsky et al, 2010, p. 2). An experiment to verify this can be seen through Chan and Bergen’s workings, â€Å"Writing direction in? uences spatial cognition. Where a group of native English and Mandarin speakers were asked to spatially arrange temporal sequences shown to them in pictures, 30% of the time Mandarin speakers arranged the pictures vertically as opposed to the English speakers who didn’t arrange them vertically once. There are in fact many experiments to test the linguistic relativity hypotheses, regarding whether English and Mandarin speakers differ in their thinking and perception of time using spatial metaphors. The leader in this current field of research is the aforementioned Ler a Boroditsky. Boroditsky has carried out many studies on this specific topic. Does Language Shape Thought? : Mandarin and English Speakers’ Conceptions of Time† published in 2001, Boroditsky deliberates the question, ‘Is processing altered in the long term by the use of metaphors†. In 2008, Boroditsky revisited the topic, carrying out further experiments concluding the Mandarin speakers are more inclined to arrange time vertically. The paper was titled â€Å"Do English and Mandarin speakers think differently about time? † Boroditsky’s latest research and publishing’s, entitled â€Å"Do English and Mandarin speakers think about time differently? has concluding experiments that claim to the affirmative of the relative linguistic hypothesis. Boroditsky’s previous workings did not consider the importance of the pairing of primes and targets. In her most recent studies it shows that disregarding these aspects will lead to further inte rference and instability. There are numerous methods of predicting if English and Mandarin speakers conceive different conceptions of the sequential order of time. Firstly, each race must be tested in their own language. Testing Mandarin speakers through English or vice versa introduces unnecessary variables into the experiment.If Mandarin speakers were to be tested through English it would inevitably test if Mandarin speakers think differently when they speak English. The question of whether they think differently to English speakers would not be properly examined and answered, as they would be thinking habitually but rather how their newly acquired language has influenced them to speak (assuming the legitimacy of the Relative Linguistic Hypothesis. ) The test would separate a group of native English and Mandarin speakers into their native languages. Each participant is given 3 magnets with pictures on them.One magnet depicts a picture of a sitting high up on a tree. The next pictu re sees the boy falling off of the tree. The final picture comprises of the boy on the ground crying. Each participant is then asked in their native language to stick their magnets, in order of events onto a magnetic board secured onto a wall. Presumably, assuming that Mandarin speakers construct time on a vertical axis, their pictures would be placed vertically. With the first picture placed at the bottom of the vertical line and the final picture at the top of the vertical line.In comparison it would be assumed that English speakers would place the pictures horizontally from left to right in starting order. The evidence from this experiment, would suggest that due to the different alignments of the pictures, Mandarin speakers do think differently to English speakers regarding the sequential order of time. With the available evidence from Lera Boroditsky’s 2010 publication, â€Å"Do English and Mandarin speakers think about time differently? † There proves to be many plausible, evidence based methods for testing the question do English and Mandarin speakers think differently?Boroditsky’s most recent experiments takes 181 people, 118 were native English speakers and 63 were native Mandarin speakers whom also spoke English. The procedure involved projections of Woodey Allen’s face on a screen. There were two pictures, the first was shown on a fixed point on the screen for 2 seconds and the second was then shown in the same position. The second picture stayed there until the participants answered the question. The question posed to them was whether the second picture of Woody Allen was taken at an earlier or later stage in his life than the first.To answer the question the participants had to press a key on a keyboard, one labelled earlier and one labelled later. The position of the keys were arranged into four groups. The first group, tested on 51 native English speakers and 26 Mandarin speakers, had their keyboards lying flat on the table top. The keys were on the horizontal axis, the left key labelled earlier and the right key labelled later in the first group. The left key labelled later and the right key labelled earlier in the second group.For the remainder of participants, 67 native English speakers and 37 Mandarin speakers, their keyboards were positioned vertically to the table top. The keys were respectively arranged in a vertical order. The bottom key labelled earlier and the top key labelled later in the first group. The bottom key labelled later and the top key labelled earlier in the second group. The reasoning behind this experiment was that assuming people habitually represent time on a horizontal or vertical axis, asking them to view the axis in an incongruent order to their automatic reasoning, should cause an interference.The results coincided with this reasoning. As discussed previously, both Mandarin and English speakers use horizontal spatial terms to represent time and both groups showed a canonicality effect on the horizontal axis. However as proven, Mandarin speakers think of time more frequently on the vertical axis than English speakers do. Only Mandarin speakers responded faster when the earlier key was placed on top in the vertical axis on the keyboard. This study clearly suggests that Mandarin speakers do think about the sequential order of time differently to English speakers.Mandarin speakers make explicit use of the vertical axis regarding time more often than English speakers. With reference to the question posed by the linguistic relativity hypothesis, â€Å"Does language shape thought? † the prediction of whether English and Mandarin speakers view the sequence of time differently was affirmed. Through the discussion of the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis it became clear that the origins and developments of the hypothesis were needed in order to establish the exact question that was being asked in this essay.The question was then specified to refe r to two different languages, which were as mentioned, Mandarin and English. The thought questioned was that of time. The vocabulary dealt with was ‘space’ and ‘time’ and how they combine to comprise of different thoughts to the speakers of the languages. The conclusion and answer to the central question of this essay was yes, English speakers and Mandarin speakers do think differently. Mandarin speakers are much more likely to think about time on a vertical axis while English speakers think about time on a horizontal plane.The question â€Å"Does language shape thought? † has been a topic that has spanned the centuries and perplexed anthropologists, linguists and psychologists. It seems this question has enlightened people over the centuries too, and the thought of language affecting cognition has been a desired theory. Holy Roman Emperor, Charlemagne is known to have said â€Å"to have a second language, is to have a second soul. † Reference s Beek, W. 2005. Linguistic Relativism, Variants and Misconceptions. Boroditsky, L. & Fuhrman, O. et al. 2010.Do English and Mandarin Speakers think about time differently? CA: Elsevier B. V. Boroditsky, l. & Chen, E. 2011. How Linguistic and Cultural Forces Shape Conceptions of Time: English and Mandarin Time in 3D. Cognitive Science Society, Inc. Gumperz, J. J. & Levinson, C. S. 1996. Rethinking Linguistic Relativity. New York: Cambridge University Press. McAfee, C. 2004. The Linguistic Relativity Theory and Benjamin Lee Whorf. The McMaster Journal of Communication. Volume 1, Issue 1. Slobin, I. D. 1996. From â€Å"Thought and Language† to â€Å"Thinking for Speaking†. Cambridge University Press.